During pregnancy, women need to consume a variety of essential nutrients to support the growth and development of their baby. One of the most important factors to consider is the intake of vitamins, which play a crucial role in the overall well-being of both the mother and child. Knowing what vitamins are necessary, and which ones should be consumed in increased amounts during pregnancy, is key to maintaining a healthy lifestyle while expecting.
I, as a pregnant woman, should prioritize certain vitamins that are essential for my well-being and that of my baby. These vitamins include folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin B12. Each of these vitamins contributes to different aspects of fetal development and overall maternal health during pregnancy.
Folic acid is crucial for preventing birth defects, such as neural tube defects, and it is recommended that pregnant women consume at least 600 micrograms of folic acid daily. Iron is necessary for the formation of red blood cells and oxygen transport, so a higher intake of iron is encouraged during pregnancy. Calcium is important for the development of strong bones and teeth in the baby, while vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium. Vitamin C is necessary for collagen production and helps boost the immune system.
What vitamins are essential for pregnant women
Pregnancy is a crucial time for women, as their bodies undergo numerous changes to support the development of a healthy baby. During this time, it is necessary for pregnant women to consume a balanced diet that includes essential nutrients and vitamins.
There are several vitamins that are considered essential for pregnant women:
1. Folate: Folate, also known as folic acid, is one of the most important vitamins for pregnant women. It helps in the development of the baby’s neural tube, which eventually becomes the baby’s brain and spinal cord. Pregnant women should consume foods rich in folate, such as leafy greens, citrus fruits, and legumes.
2. Iron: Iron is crucial during pregnancy as it helps in the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the baby. Pregnant women should consume iron-rich foods like lean meats, beans, and fortified cereals.
3. Calcium: Calcium is essential for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. Pregnant women should consume dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods to ensure they get enough calcium during pregnancy.
4. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is necessary for the proper absorption of calcium and to support bone health. Pregnant women should spend some time in the sun and consume foods fortified with vitamin D, such as fortified milk and fatty fish.
5. Vitamin C: Vitamin C is important for the absorption of iron and supports the immune system. Pregnant women should consume citrus fruits, strawberries, and tomatoes to get enough vitamin C during pregnancy.
6. Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 helps in the formation of red blood cells and maintains the nervous system. Pregnant women should consume animal products like meat, fish, and dairy to ensure they get enough vitamin B12.
It is important for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare provider to determine their specific vitamin and nutrient needs during pregnancy. While a balanced diet can provide many essential vitamins, some women may require supplements to meet their nutritional needs.
Why vitamins are necessary during pregnancy
During pregnancy, women need to consume a variety of essential nutrients to support the growth and development of their unborn child. Vitamins play a crucial role in providing these necessary nutrients.
Pregnant women should consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products. While it is possible to obtain some vitamins through food alone, certain vitamins are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities solely through diet.
For example, folic acid is a vitamin that is essential for the healthy development of the baby’s neural tube, which forms the baby’s brain and spinal cord. This vitamin is found in leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and legumes. However, it can be challenging for pregnant women to consume enough of these foods to meet their daily folic acid requirements.
What are the essential vitamins for a healthy pregnancy?
Some of the essential vitamins that pregnant women should consider taking during pregnancy include:
- Folic acid
- Iron
- Calcium
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin B12
These vitamins help support the development of the baby’s bones, brain, immune system, and overall health. It is important for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage of these vitamins based on their individual needs.
Why are vitamins necessary during pregnancy?
Vitamins are necessary during pregnancy because they provide the additional nutrients that both the mother and baby need for proper growth and development. They help ensure that the baby receives all the necessary building blocks for a healthy start in life.
While a balanced diet is important, taking prenatal vitamins can help fill in any nutritional gaps and ensure that pregnant women are getting the necessary vitamins and minerals. These vitamins help support the health of the mother and baby throughout the pregnancy journey.
How vitamins can help during pregnancy
When a woman is pregnant, it is essential for her to consume the necessary nutrients to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Vitamins play a crucial role in supporting the development of the baby and maintaining the health of the mother.
During pregnancy, women should focus on consuming vitamins that are essential for their health and the growth of the baby. These vitamins include:
- Vitamin A: Helps with fetal development and supports vision and immune function
- Vitamin B: Helps with the formation of the baby’s neural tube and red blood cells
- Vitamin C: Supports the growth of healthy tissues and helps with iron absorption
- Vitamin D: Helps with the development of the baby’s bones and teeth
- Vitamin E: Supports the baby’s cell development and aids in the growth of the placenta
- Vitamin K: Plays a role in blood clotting and bone development
In addition to these vitamins, pregnant women should also consume other essential nutrients like iron, calcium, and folic acid. These nutrients are necessary for the proper growth and development of the baby, as well as to support the mother’s overall health during pregnancy.
It’s important for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare provider to determine what vitamins and nutrients they should be consuming and in what quantities. Every woman’s nutritional needs may vary, so it’s essential to get personalized guidance to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
What nutrients are necessary during pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is important for women to consume the right nutrients to support the growth and development of their baby. There are several essential vitamins and minerals that are necessary for a healthy pregnancy.
One of the most important nutrients during pregnancy is folic acid, or vitamin B9. Folic acid helps to prevent neural tube defects in the baby, such as spina bifida. It is recommended that women consume 600 to 800 micrograms of folic acid per day during pregnancy.
Iron is another essential nutrient during pregnancy. Iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the cells in the body. Pregnant women require more iron to support the increase in blood volume. It is recommended that pregnant women consume around 27 milligrams of iron per day.
Calcium is also important during pregnancy, as it helps to build and maintain strong bones and teeth for both the mother and the baby. Pregnant women should consume around 1000 milligrams of calcium per day. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, dark leafy greens, and fortified foods.
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are important for bone development. Pregnant women should aim to get about 600 international units (IU) of vitamin D per day. Good sources of vitamin D include fortified milk, fatty fish, and sun exposure.
In addition to these nutrients, pregnant women should also consume adequate amounts of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and iodine. Protein is necessary for the growth and development of the baby, while omega-3 fatty acids help with brain and eye development. Iodine is important for the production of thyroid hormones, which are essential for the baby’s brain development.
In conclusion, there are several essential nutrients that are necessary during pregnancy. It is important for pregnant women to consume adequate amounts of folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and iodine to support the health and development of their baby.
Importance of a balanced diet during pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is crucial for women to maintain a balanced diet that includes all the essential nutrients necessary for their health and the development of their growing baby. A properly balanced diet is important in providing the necessary vitamins and minerals needed for a healthy pregnancy.
What nutrients are essential during pregnancy?
There are several essential nutrients that women should consume while pregnant. These include:
- Vitamin D: Helps the body absorb and use calcium, which is important for building strong bones and teeth in both the mother and baby.
- Iron: Helps the body make extra blood to supply oxygen to the baby. Iron also prevents anemia in the mother.
- Folic acid: Necessary for the development of the baby’s neural tube, which eventually forms the brain and spinal cord.
- Calcium: Builds strong bones and teeth in the baby. It also helps the mother maintain her bone density.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Promote brain development in the baby and may help lower the risk of preterm birth.
What should pregnant women consume?
Pregnant women should aim to consume a variety of foods that provide these essential nutrients. Leafy greens, citrus fruits, dairy products, lean meats, and fish are all good sources of these nutrients. Additionally, taking prenatal vitamins can help ensure that pregnant women are getting all the necessary nutrients, especially if their diet is lacking in any way.
A balanced diet is crucial during pregnancy, as it provides the necessary vitamins and minerals for both the mother and the developing baby. Consulting with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian can also be helpful in determining specific dietary needs and ensuring a healthy pregnancy.
Which nutrients should I consume while pregnant
During pregnancy, it is essential for women to consume the necessary nutrients to support their own health as well as the development of their baby. Vitamins and minerals are especially important during this time. So, what are the essential vitamins and minerals that pregnant women should consume?
First and foremost, folic acid is crucial for the healthy growth of the baby’s brain and spinal cord. Women should ensure they are getting enough folic acid during pregnancy by consuming foods such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and fortified cereals. Additionally, prenatal vitamins often contain folic acid to supplement the diet.
Iron is another essential nutrient during pregnancy. It helps to form the baby’s red blood cells and prevents anemia in the mother. Iron-rich foods include lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and fortified cereals. It is also beneficial to consume vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits or tomatoes, alongside iron-rich foods to enhance iron absorption.
Calcium is necessary for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. Pregnant women should consume dairy products, fortified plant-based milks, tofu, and leafy green vegetables to meet their calcium needs. Vitamin D is also important for calcium absorption, so spending time in the sun or taking a vitamin D supplement may be necessary.
Iodine is essential for the baby’s brain development and thyroid function. Seafood, iodized salt, and seaweed are good sources of iodine. However, it is important to consume iodine in moderation, as too much can be harmful.
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium and the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. Sun exposure and fortified foods like milk, orange juice, and cereals can provide vitamin D. However, if sun exposure is limited, a vitamin D supplement may be needed.
Omega-3 fatty acids are important for the baby’s brain and eye development. Pregnant women can consume omega-3 fatty acids through fish like salmon, sardines, and trout, as well as through walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds.
How to get essential nutrients through food
For pregnant women, it is necessary to consume essential nutrients which are important during pregnancy. But what nutrients should you consume and which foods are rich in these nutrients?
During pregnancy, women should consume a variety of nutrient-rich foods to ensure both their own health and the development of their baby. Some essential nutrients for a healthy pregnancy include:
- Folic acid: Found in leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, beans, and fortified cereals.
- Iron: Found in lean meats, poultry, fish, legumes, and fortified grains.
- Calcium: Found in dairy products, fortified plant-based milks, leafy greens, and tofu.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Found in fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseeds, and fortified eggs.
- Vitamin D: Found in fortified dairy products, fatty fish, and sunlight exposure.
It is important to note that while taking prenatal vitamins can help supplement nutrient intake, they should not replace a healthy diet. Consuming these essential nutrients through food sources is the best way to ensure proper absorption and utilization by both the mother and the baby.
During pregnancy, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian to create a personalized meal plan that meets individual nutritional needs. They can provide guidance on portion sizes, food choices, and any necessary additional supplements.
Remember, what you eat during pregnancy plays a vital role in the health and development of your baby, so make sure to prioritize consuming a balanced and nutritious diet.
The role of folic acid in a healthy pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is crucial for women to consume essential nutrients that are necessary for the healthy development of the baby. One of the most important nutrients that pregnant women should ensure they are getting enough of is folic acid.
What is folic acid?
Folic acid, also known as folate, is a B vitamin that is essential for the formation of red blood cells and for the proper development of the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis and repair of DNA, making it especially important during periods of rapid cell division and growth, such as pregnancy.
Why is folic acid important during pregnancy?
Folic acid is particularly important during early pregnancy, as it can help prevent certain birth defects of the baby’s brain and spine, known as neural tube defects. Taking folic acid before pregnancy and during the first few weeks of pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of these birth defects.
In addition, folic acid is also important for the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen to the baby. During pregnancy, the body produces more blood to support the growing fetus, so it is important to ensure an adequate intake of folic acid to prevent anemia.
How much folic acid should pregnant women consume?
It is recommended that pregnant women consume 400-800 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid daily. This can be achieved through a combination of a healthy diet and a folic acid supplement.
| Food Sources of Folic Acid | Micrograms of Folic Acid per serving |
|---|---|
| Spinach (cooked, 1 cup) | 263 mcg |
| Orange juice (fortified, 1 cup) | 100-200 mcg |
| Black beans (cooked, 1 cup) | 256 mcg |
| Broccoli (cooked, 1 cup) | 94 mcg |
| Fortified breakfast cereal (1 serving) | 100-400 mcg |
| Folic acid supplement (as directed by healthcare provider) | 400-800 mcg |
It is important to note that while folic acid is necessary for a healthy pregnancy, it is not a replacement for a balanced diet. Pregnant women should strive to consume a variety of nutritious foods that provide other essential nutrients as well.
The benefits of iron for pregnant women
Iron is an essential nutrient for all individuals, but its importance becomes even greater during pregnancy. Iron plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. During pregnancy, a woman’s blood volume increases, and she needs more iron to support the growth and development of both her own body and the growing fetus.
Iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, a protein that helps red blood cells carry oxygen. Iron deficiency during pregnancy can lead to a condition called iron-deficiency anemia, which can cause fatigue, weakness, and increased risk of infections. It can also affect the baby’s growth and development.
While iron can be obtained from both food and supplements, it is important for pregnant women to obtain iron from a variety of sources to ensure adequate intake. Good food sources of iron include lean red meat, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, tofu, spinach, and fortified cereals. Combining iron-rich foods with vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, can help enhance iron absorption.
Pregnant women should aim to consume around 27 milligrams of iron per day. However, the actual amount needed may vary depending on individual factors, such as pre-existing iron levels and overall health. It is essential for women to consult with their healthcare provider to determine their specific iron needs during pregnancy.
In conclusion, iron is a necessary nutrient for pregnant women, as it supports the production of red blood cells and ensures the delivery of oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. Adequate iron intake is essential to prevent iron-deficiency anemia and support the healthy growth and development of both the mother and the baby.
Why calcium is important during pregnancy
Calcium is an essential nutrient for pregnant women. It plays a crucial role in the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. During pregnancy, the demand for calcium increases, as the baby needs it to build his or her own skeletal system.
Calcium is not only important for the baby, but also for the mother. While the baby is developing, the mother’s body is constantly supplying nutrients to support the growing fetus. Calcium helps ensure that the mother’s own bones stay strong and healthy, as the baby often takes calcium from the mother’s bones to meet its own needs.
During pregnancy, it is necessary for women to consume enough calcium to meet the increased demands. The recommended daily intake of calcium for pregnant women is around 1000 to 1300 milligrams per day. However, it is important to note that the amount may vary depending on a woman’s age, health, and other factors.
What are good sources of calcium?
Milk and dairy products are some of the best sources of calcium. They provide not only calcium, but also other essential nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D, which are important for the overall development of the baby and the mother’s health during pregnancy.
Leafy greens like spinach, kale, and broccoli are also rich in calcium. These vegetables are not only packed with calcium, but also with other vitamins and minerals that are necessary for a healthy pregnancy.
Fish such as salmon and sardines, as well as nuts and seeds like almonds and sesame seeds, are also good sources of calcium.
In conclusion, calcium is an essential nutrient during pregnancy. It is necessary for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth, as well as for maintaining the mother’s own bone health. Pregnant women should consume enough calcium through a balanced diet that includes milk and dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and nuts and seeds to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
How omega-3 fatty acids support a healthy pregnancy
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients for pregnant women as they play a crucial role in supporting a healthy pregnancy. These fatty acids are necessary for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes.
What are omega-3 fatty acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that are considered essential because our bodies cannot produce them on their own. They can only be obtained through our diet.
Why are omega-3 fatty acids important during pregnancy?
During pregnancy, omega-3 fatty acids are particularly important for the baby’s brain and eye development. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), one of the main types of omega-3 fatty acids, is a major component of the brain and retina. It helps to promote proper cognitive function and visual development.
Omega-3 fatty acids also have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce the risk of preterm birth and promote overall immune health for both the mother and the baby.
Which foods are rich in omega-3 fatty acids?
Some of the best sources of omega-3 fatty acids include fatty fish such as salmon, trout, and sardines. Other sources include walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and soybeans. It is important for pregnant women to consume these foods regularly to ensure they are getting enough omega-3 fatty acids.
It is recommended that pregnant women consume at least 200-300 milligrams of DHA per day. This can be achieved through a combination of dietary sources and supplements if necessary.
In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that pregnant women should consume to support a healthy pregnancy. These nutrients play a crucial role in the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. It is important to incorporate foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids into the diet to ensure adequate intake.
The role of vitamin D in maternal and fetal health
Pregnancy is a crucial time for women to consume the necessary nutrients for their own health and the development of their baby. Among the essential vitamins that pregnant women should consume, vitamin D plays a vital role in maternal and fetal health.
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body, which are crucial in the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. It also helps in regulating the levels of these minerals in the blood, ensuring optimal bone health for both the pregnant woman and her baby.
During pregnancy, the demand for vitamin D increases. While it is possible to obtain this vitamin through sunlight exposure, many pregnant women may not be able to meet their requirements solely through natural sources. Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women take vitamin D supplements to ensure they are getting enough of this essential nutrient.
In addition to its role in bone health, vitamin D has also been found to play a role in the immune system, preventing complications such as preterm birth and gestational diabetes. It is believed to contribute to a healthy pregnancy by reducing the risk of certain conditions and promoting overall well-being.
It is important for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage of vitamin D supplements and to ensure they are meeting their individual needs. By consuming adequate amounts of vitamin D during pregnancy, women can help support their own health and the development of their baby.
Why iodine is essential for pregnant women
Iodine is one of the essential nutrients that pregnant women should consume in adequate amounts. It is considered necessary for a healthy pregnancy because it plays a crucial role in the development of the baby’s brain and nervous system.
Iodine is found in a variety of foods, but it can be especially beneficial to include iodine-rich sources in your diet while pregnant. Seafood, dairy products, eggs, and iodized salt are some examples of foods that are good sources of this important mineral.
During pregnancy, iodine requirements increase due to the growing needs of both the mother and the developing fetus. Consuming the right amount of iodine not only ensures proper brain development in the baby but also helps prevent conditions like intellectual disabilities and impaired cognitive function.
It is important for pregnant women to consult with their healthcare providers about what vitamin and mineral supplements are recommended during pregnancy. In some cases, an iodine supplement may be necessary to meet the increased needs.
In conclusion, iodine is an essential nutrient for pregnant women as it contributes to the healthy development of the baby’s brain and nervous system. Considering the importance of this mineral during pregnancy, it is crucial to consume foods rich in iodine and, if necessary, take supplements recommended by healthcare providers.
The importance of vitamin C for a developing baby
Pregnant women need to consume a variety of essential vitamins and nutrients to ensure a healthy pregnancy. One of these essential vitamins is vitamin C, which plays a crucial role in the development of a growing baby.
Vitamin C is necessary for the formation of collagen, a protein that is important for the growth and development of the baby’s bones, muscles, and blood vessels. It also helps in the absorption of iron, another essential nutrient for pregnant women.
What are the benefits of vitamin C during pregnancy?
Vitamin C is known for its immune-boosting properties, which can be beneficial during pregnancy. It helps to strengthen the immune system of both the mother and the developing baby, reducing the risk of infections and illnesses.
In addition, vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. This can be particularly important during pregnancy, as the body goes through significant changes and oxidative stress increases.
How much vitamin C should pregnant women consume?
The recommended daily intake of vitamin C for pregnant women is 85 milligrams per day. However, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider, as individual needs may vary.
It is important for pregnant women to prioritize a well-balanced diet that includes foods rich in vitamin C. Some excellent sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, tomatoes, leafy greens, and bell peppers.
In some cases, a healthcare provider may recommend a prenatal vitamin supplement to ensure adequate intake of vitamin C and other essential nutrients during pregnancy.
In conclusion, vitamin C is essential for the development of a growing baby during pregnancy. It is necessary for the formation of collagen and the absorption of iron, and it provides immune-boosting and antioxidant benefits. Pregnant women should strive to consume foods rich in vitamin C and consult with their healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.
How vitamin A contributes to a healthy pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is important to consume essential nutrients to support the health of both the mother and the growing baby. Vitamins are a necessary part of a pregnant woman’s diet, and one important vitamin is vitamin A.
What is vitamin A?
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the body’s proper functioning. It plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy vision, promoting cell growth, and supporting the immune system.
Why is vitamin A important during pregnancy?
Vitamin A is particularly important during pregnancy because it plays a crucial role in the development of the baby’s organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and eyes. It also helps in the formation of the baby’s nervous system.
Furthermore, vitamin A contributes to the mother’s health during pregnancy. It aids in maintaining healthy skin, promoting tissue repair, and supporting the mother’s immune system.
How much vitamin A should a pregnant woman consume?
While vitamin A is important for a healthy pregnancy, it is necessary to consume it in moderation. Too much vitamin A can be harmful to the baby. The recommended daily intake of vitamin A for pregnant women is 770 micrograms (mcg) or 2,567 international units (IU) per day.
It is important to note that there are two forms of vitamin A: preformed vitamin A and provitamin A. Preformed vitamin A is found in animal-based foods such as liver, eggs, and dairy products. Provitamin A is found in plant-based foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy greens. Pregnant women should focus on consuming provitamin A from plant sources as they are safer and provide the necessary nutrients without the risk of excessive intake.
In conclusion, vitamin A is an essential nutrient for a healthy pregnancy. It plays a crucial role in the development of the baby’s organs and supports the mother’s overall health. Pregnant women should consume the recommended daily intake of vitamin A from safe sources to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
The benefits of vitamin E in pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is essential for women to consume all the necessary nutrients which are important for their health and the development of their baby. Vitamin E is one such nutrient that plays a vital role in supporting a healthy pregnancy.
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and strengthen the immune system. It is particularly important during pregnancy as it helps in the formation of red blood cells and aids in the development of the baby’s nervous system.
One of the main benefits of vitamin E in pregnancy is its ability to reduce the risk of certain complications. Research suggests that vitamin E supplementation may help prevent preeclampsia, a potentially dangerous condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.
Furthermore, vitamin E has been linked to a reduced risk of preterm birth. Studies have shown that pregnant women who consume adequate amounts of vitamin E are less likely to deliver their baby prematurely.
What should pregnant women consume for vitamin E?
The recommended daily intake of vitamin E for pregnant women is 15 milligrams. While it is important to get this essential nutrient from food sources, supplementation may be necessary in some cases.
Good food sources of vitamin E include nuts, seeds, avocados, and leafy green vegetables. Incorporating these foods into your diet can help ensure that you are getting enough vitamin E during pregnancy.
Conclusion
In conclusion, vitamin E is an essential nutrient for pregnant women. It provides numerous benefits, such as reducing the risk of complications like preeclampsia and preterm birth. Pregnant women should aim to consume adequate amounts of vitamin E through their diet and consider supplementation if necessary.