In today’s world, women have more options than ever when it comes to contraception and birth control. While hormonal methods such as pills and patches are widely known and used, many women are looking for natural and non-hormonal alternatives. Whether it’s due to personal preference, health concerns, or simply wanting to explore different options, non-hormonal birth control methods can be a safe and effective choice for women.
Non-hormonal birth control methods work by preventing pregnancy without the use of synthetic hormones. This means that they do not alter the body’s natural hormonal balance, making them a popular choice for women who are sensitive to hormonal changes. These methods include barrier methods, fertility awareness methods, and copper IUDs, among others. Each method has its pros and cons, so it’s important to choose the one that best fits your lifestyle and preferences.
One of the most commonly used non-hormonal birth control methods is the barrier method. This includes condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps, which physically block sperm from reaching the uterus. These methods are easy to use, widely available, and have the added benefit of protecting against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, it’s important to remember to use them correctly and consistently to ensure their effectiveness.
Another non-hormonal birth control option is fertility awareness methods, also known as natural family planning. This involves tracking your menstrual cycle and avoiding intercourse during your fertile window, when pregnancy is most likely to occur. While this method requires dedication and careful monitoring, many women find it empowering and effective. It’s important to note, however, that fertility awareness methods can be less reliable if your cycle is irregular.
Copper IUDs, also known as intrauterine devices, are another popular non-hormonal birth control option. These small, T-shaped devices are inserted into the uterus and work by preventing fertilization and implantation. Copper IUDs are highly effective, long-lasting, and do not interfere with natural hormonal processes. They can be a convenient and reliable option for women who want a hassle-free birth control method.
In conclusion, there are many effective non-hormonal birth control methods available for women who want to take control of their reproductive health. From barrier methods to fertility awareness methods to copper IUDs, there are options to suit every lifestyle and preference. It’s important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the best method for you and to ensure that you receive proper education and support. Remember, knowledge is power when it comes to contraception, so take the time to explore all of your options.
Hormone-free birth control options for women
When it comes to birth control, there are a variety of hormone-free options available for women. These methods offer a natural and effective form of contraception without the use of hormones.
Barrier methods
Barrier methods of birth control work by creating a physical barrier between the sperm and the egg. Some commonly used barrier methods include:
- Condoms: Male and female condoms are effective in preventing pregnancy by blocking sperm from entering the uterus.
- Diaphragms: A diaphragm is a flexible dome-shaped device that covers the cervix, preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
- Cervical caps: Similar to diaphragms, cervical caps are smaller and fit directly over the cervix to block sperm.
Fertility awareness-based methods
Fertility awareness-based methods involve tracking a woman’s menstrual cycle to determine when she is most fertile and avoiding intercourse during that time. Some popular fertility awareness methods include:
- Calendar method: This method involves tracking the length of your menstrual cycle over several months to determine your fertile window.
- Basal body temperature method: By tracking your daily basal body temperature, you can identify when ovulation occurs and avoid intercourse during that time.
- Cervical mucus method: This method involves monitoring changes in cervical mucus to determine when ovulation is likely to occur.
It’s important to note that fertility awareness-based methods require careful tracking and monitoring, and may not be as effective as other forms of contraception.
Intrauterine devices (IUDs)
IUDs are small T-shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus to provide long-term contraception. There are both hormone-free and hormonal options available. Hormone-free IUDs, also known as copper IUDs, work by releasing copper ions that are toxic to sperm, preventing fertilization.
Non-hormonal contraception methods for women
When it comes to birth control methods, many women prefer to explore non-hormonal options. These methods allow women to have control over their reproductive health without the use of synthetic hormones.
Natural Family Planning
Natural Family Planning is a hormone-free method that involves tracking a woman’s menstrual cycle to determine when she is most fertile. By monitoring changes in basal body temperature and cervical mucus, women can identify their fertile days and avoid intercourse during that time. This method requires commitment, awareness, and active communication with a partner.
Barrier Methods
Barrier methods, such as condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps, create a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. These methods do not rely on hormones and are readily available over-the-counter. Barrier methods also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections.
| Method | Effectiveness | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Condoms | 85-98% | Readily available, protect against STIs | May reduce sensitivity |
| Diaphragms | 88% | Reusable, give control to the user | Require fitting, need to be used with spermicide |
| Cervical Caps | 71-86% | Can be inserted hours before intercourse | Require fitting, need to be used with spermicide, risk of toxic shock syndrome |
Non-hormonal contraception methods offer women alternative options for birth control. Whether it’s natural family planning or barrier methods, women can choose a method that best suits their preferences and lifestyle. It’s important to discuss these options with a healthcare provider to ensure proper use and effectiveness.
Natural birth control methods for women
For women who are looking for hormone-free contraception options, there are several natural methods available. These methods rely on tracking various signs and symptoms in a woman’s body to determine fertile and infertile periods.
One popular natural method is the calendar method. This method involves tracking menstrual cycles and determining the days when a woman is most likely to be fertile. By abstaining from sexual intercourse during these fertile days, women can effectively prevent pregnancy without the use of hormones.
Another natural method is the basal body temperature method. This involves tracking the body’s temperature each morning before getting out of bed. A slight increase in temperature can indicate ovulation, and women can avoid intercourse during this time to prevent pregnancy.
Cervical mucus method is another natural option. Women monitor changes in their cervical mucus throughout their cycle. When the cervical mucus is thin and slippery, it indicates fertility, and women can abstain from sex during this time to avoid pregnancy.
Some women also use the symptothermal method, which combines several natural methods to determine fertility. This method tracks basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and other symptoms like breast tenderness or changes in appetite to identify fertile and infertile periods.
It’s important to note that natural birth control methods may not be as reliable as hormonal contraception options. These methods require diligent tracking and can be less effective if not followed correctly. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider to discuss the best non-hormonal birth control option for you.
Barrier methods of birth control for women
When it comes to birth control options, many women prefer hormone-free and natural methods of contraception. Barrier methods are one such category of non-hormonal birth control options. These methods work by creating a physical barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the egg, thereby reducing the risk of pregnancy.
Types of Barrier Methods
There are different types of barrier methods available for women to choose from:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Condoms | Condoms are thin sheaths that are worn over the penis or inserted into the vagina before intercourse. They are made of latex or polyurethane and are highly effective in preventing pregnancy as well as protecting against sexually transmitted infections. |
| Cervical caps | Cervical caps are small, flexible devices that are inserted into the vagina and cover the cervix to prevent the entry of sperm. They need to be used in combination with spermicide for maximum effectiveness. |
| Diaphragms | Diaphragms are similar to cervical caps but are larger and shaped like a dome. They are inserted into the vagina and cover the cervix, acting as a barrier against sperm. Like cervical caps, diaphragms also require the use of spermicide to increase their effectiveness. |
| Sponges | Sponges are soft, round devices that are inserted into the vagina before intercourse. They contain spermicide and act as a physical barrier against sperm, preventing pregnancy. Sponges can be used for multiple acts of intercourse within a 24-hour period. |
| Spermicides | Spermicides are substances that contain chemicals that kill or immobilize sperm. They come in various forms such as gels, creams, foams, and suppositories. Spermicides can be used alone or in combination with other barrier methods for added protection. |
Effectiveness and Considerations
Barrier methods of birth control are generally effective in preventing pregnancy when used correctly and consistently. However, it is important to note that they may not be as effective as hormonal methods or long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) options. Additionally, barrier methods do not protect against sexually transmitted infections, so it is recommended to use them in combination with other methods such as condoms for added protection.
When choosing a barrier method, it is important to consider factors such as ease of use, comfort, and individual preferences. Some women may find certain methods more convenient or comfortable to use than others. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or family planning provider to determine the most suitable barrier method based on individual needs and preferences.
The fertility awareness method for birth control in women
The fertility awareness method is a non-hormonal and hormone-free natural approach to birth control for women. It involves tracking and monitoring various physiological signs and changes in a woman’s body to determine her fertile and infertile periods.
There are several methods within the fertility awareness method that women can use to track their fertility and prevent pregnancy:
- Cervical mucus method: This method involves observing changes in the consistency and quantity of cervical mucus throughout the menstrual cycle. Cervical mucus becomes clear, slippery, and stretchy around the time of ovulation, indicating fertility.
- Basal body temperature method: This method requires taking daily basal body temperature readings using a thermometer. Basal body temperature rises slightly after ovulation, indicating the end of the fertile period.
- Calendar method: This method involves tracking the length of menstrual cycles over several months to determine the estimated time of ovulation and fertile window.
It’s important for women to carefully track and record their fertility signs and use additional methods of contraception, such as barrier methods, during their fertile periods to effectively prevent pregnancy.
The fertility awareness method can be a highly effective form of contraception when used correctly and consistently. However, it may not be suitable for all women and requires a high level of commitment, understanding, and communication between partners.
Before considering the fertility awareness method for birth control, women should consult with a healthcare provider to ensure they fully understand the method and its limitations, as well as receive proper guidance on how to effectively track and interpret their fertility signs.
Overall, the fertility awareness method provides a natural and hormone-free option for women seeking non-hormonal birth control methods.
The withdrawal method as a contraceptive option for women
The withdrawal method, also known as “pulling out” or “coitus interruptus,” is a natural and hormone-free method of birth control for women. While it is not as reliable as some other contraceptive methods, it can be an option for couples who are looking for non-hormonal birth control methods.
The withdrawal method involves the man pulling out his penis from the vagina before ejaculating. The idea behind this method is to prevent sperm from entering the woman’s reproductive system, thus preventing pregnancy. While it may seem simple, it does require communication and self-control from both partners.
It is important to note that the withdrawal method is not as effective in preventing pregnancy as other methods such as hormonal contraception or barrier methods. According to studies, the failure rate of the withdrawal method is relatively high, with a typical failure rate of around 22%. This means that out of 100 women who use the withdrawal method for a year, about 22 of them may become pregnant.
There are several factors that can affect the effectiveness of the withdrawal method. Timing is crucial, as the man needs to withdraw before ejaculation occurs. It is also important to note that sperm can be present in the pre-ejaculate fluid, so there is still a risk of pregnancy even if the man pulls out in time.
Despite its lower effectiveness compared to other methods, the withdrawal method can still be a suitable option for some couples. It is non-hormonal and does not require the use of any physical devices, making it a convenient choice for those who prefer a more natural form of birth control.
However, it is important to consider the risks and limitations of the withdrawal method before relying on it as the sole method of contraception. It does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use barrier methods such as condoms to reduce the risk of STIs.
If you are considering the withdrawal method as a contraceptive option, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider to discuss its suitability for you and to learn about other non-hormonal birth control methods that may be more reliable and effective.
In conclusion, the withdrawal method can be a non-hormonal birth control option for women who are looking for a hormone-free and natural method of contraception. While it is not as effective in preventing pregnancy as other methods, it can be suitable for couples who are willing to accept the higher risk of pregnancy and are committed to practicing it correctly.
The copper intrauterine device (IUD) for non-hormonal birth control in women
The copper intrauterine device (IUD) is one of the most effective non-hormonal methods of contraception available to women. It offers a hormone-free and natural option for birth control, providing long-lasting and reliable protection against pregnancy.
How does the copper IUD work?
The copper IUD works by releasing copper ions into the uterus, which creates an inhospitable environment for sperm. This prevents fertilization, effectively preventing pregnancy. Unlike hormonal birth control methods, the copper IUD does not interfere with the natural hormones of women’s bodies.
Advantages of the copper IUD
- Long-lasting protection: Once inserted, the copper IUD can provide contraception for up to 10 years, making it a convenient option for women who want a reliable birth control method without the need for daily or monthly maintenance.
- Effectiveness: The copper IUD has a failure rate of less than 1%, making it one of the most effective birth control options available.
- Hormone-free: For women who prefer to avoid hormonal contraception, the copper IUD offers a hormone-free alternative that does not interfere with the body’s natural hormonal balance.
- Immediate fertility return: Unlike some hormonal methods, such as the birth control pill or injection, the copper IUD does not delay the return of fertility once removed. Women can conceive soon after its removal.
- Non-interference with sexual activity: The copper IUD does not impact sexual arousal or libido, allowing women to enjoy a healthy sex life without any interruptions.
It is important to note that the copper IUD may not be suitable for everyone. Women with certain medical conditions or a history of pelvic infections should consult with a healthcare provider to determine if the copper IUD is the right birth control option for them.
In summary, the copper IUD is a highly effective, long-lasting, and hormone-free birth control option for women. It offers a natural and reliable method of contraception, allowing women to take control of their reproductive health.
Sterilization as a long-term non-hormonal birth control option for women
When it comes to birth control methods for women, there are numerous hormone-free options available. One such option is sterilization, which offers a permanent form of contraception.
Sterilization involves surgically blocking or sealing the fallopian tubes, preventing the sperm from reaching the egg. It is considered one of the most effective methods of birth control and has a success rate of over 99%.
There are two main types of sterilization procedures: tubal ligation and tubal occlusion.
| Tubal Ligation | Tubal Occlusion |
|---|---|
| Tubal ligation involves the cutting, tying, or sealing of the fallopian tubes. | Tubal occlusion involves the insertion of a device, such as Essure or Adiana, into the fallopian tubes to block them. |
| It is typically performed through a minimally invasive surgery, such as laparoscopy, or during a C-section. | The procedure can be done in a doctor’s office without the need for anesthesia or surgery. |
| It is considered a permanent form of contraception and is not reversible. | It is also a permanent method and cannot be easily reversed. |
While sterilization is a highly effective method of birth control, it is important to note that it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is recommended to use condoms alongside sterilization to prevent STIs.
It’s important for women considering sterilization to carefully weigh the pros and cons and discuss with their healthcare provider to determine if it is the right option for them.
In conclusion, sterilization is a long-term non-hormonal birth control option for women. It offers a highly effective and permanent form of contraception, but it’s essential to consider all factors and consult with a healthcare professional before making a decision.
The cervical cap as a hormone-free birth control method for women
When it comes to contraception methods, women have a variety of options to choose from. While hormonal birth control methods like the pill or the patch are popular, some women prefer hormone-free alternatives. One such method is the cervical cap.
The cervical cap is a small, silicone cup that fits snugly over the cervix, effectively blocking sperm from entering the uterus. It is a non-hormonal birth control option that can be used by women who want to avoid the potential side effects of hormonal methods.
To use the cervical cap, a woman must first be fitted by a healthcare provider. The cap is then inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix. It must be left in place for at least six hours after intercourse, but should not be left in for more than 48 hours at a time. It is important to note that the cervical cap does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it should be used in conjunction with barrier methods like condoms.
One of the advantages of the cervical cap is its longevity. With proper care, a cap can last for several years, making it a cost-effective option for women who want long-term contraception. Additionally, the cervical cap does not interfere with natural hormone levels in the body, which can be appealing to women concerned about the effects of hormonal birth control.
It is worth noting, however, that the cervical cap is not the most effective method of birth control. While it can be up to 91% effective with perfect use, the typical use effectiveness is closer to 71%. This means that the cap may not be the best choice for women who require a highly reliable form of contraception.
In conclusion, the cervical cap is a hormone-free birth control option for women who want an alternative to hormonal methods. While it has its limitations in terms of effectiveness, it can provide a reliable form of contraception for women who understand and are comfortable with its proper use.
The diaphragm for non-hormonal contraception in women
The diaphragm is a barrier method of non-hormonal contraception for women. It is a type of birth control option that offers a hormone-free approach to preventing pregnancy.
Unlike natural methods of contraception, such as tracking ovulation or using withdrawal, the diaphragm provides a physical barrier to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. This makes it a more reliable option for those looking for effective non-hormonal contraception.
How does the diaphragm work?
The diaphragm is a shallow, dome-shaped cup made of silicone that is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix. It acts as a barrier, blocking sperm from reaching the egg.
Before intercourse, the diaphragm must be used in combination with a spermicide, which is a substance that kills sperm. This further enhances its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy.
It’s important to note that the diaphragm needs to be inserted correctly and snugly against the cervix for it to be effective. Proper sizing and placement are crucial to ensure maximum protection against pregnancy.
Advantages and disadvantages of the diaphragm
The diaphragm offers several advantages as a non-hormonal contraception option. It allows women to take control of their birth control without relying on hormones, and it can be used on an as-needed basis.
However, it’s important to consider the disadvantages as well. The diaphragm requires proper insertion and must be used correctly every time you have sex. It may require a prescription and fitting by a healthcare professional. It also does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Overall, the diaphragm can be an effective non-hormonal birth control option for women who are looking for a contraceptive method that does not rely on hormones. It provides a physical barrier to prevent pregnancy, but it requires careful use and may not be suitable for everyone.
Spermicides as a barrier birth control method for women
Hormone-free birth control options are becoming increasingly popular among women who want to have more control over their contraception methods. Spermicides, a type of barrier method, are a natural and effective choice for those looking for non-hormonal birth control.
Spermicides work by creating a barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the uterus and fertilizing an egg. They come in various forms, including foams, gels, creams, and suppositories, and can be inserted into the vagina prior to intercourse. Spermicides contain chemicals that immobilize or kill sperm, providing an added layer of protection against unintended pregnancy.
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| – Easy to use | – May cause irritation or allergic reactions |
| – Can be used in combination with other barrier methods for increased effectiveness | – Must be applied correctly before every instance of intercourse |
| – Available over-the-counter without a prescription | – Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections |
| – Can be used immediately without the need for prior planning |
It’s important to note that spermicides should be used in conjunction with another barrier method, such as a diaphragm or cervical cap, for optimal effectiveness. Additionally, they do not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections, so it is recommended to use condoms or other methods for STI prevention.
Overall, spermicides offer a hormone-free and easily accessible option for women who are looking for a natural method of birth control. It’s crucial to use them correctly and consistently to maximize their effectiveness and reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy.
Non-hormonal emergency contraception options for women
While hormonal options are commonly used for birth control, some women prefer non-hormonal or hormone-free methods. In cases where emergency contraception is needed, there are several non-hormonal options available:
Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD)
The copper IUD is a highly effective non-hormonal emergency contraception option. It can be inserted within five days after unprotected intercourse and works by preventing fertilization or implantation.
Ella (ulipristal acetate)
Ella is a non-hormonal emergency contraceptive pill that can be taken within five days after unprotected sex. It works by inhibiting or delaying ovulation, preventing pregnancy from occurring.
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel is another non-hormonal emergency contraceptive pill that can be taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. It works by preventing or delaying ovulation and inhibiting fertilization.
Copper IUD vs. Emergency Contraceptive Pills
While both the copper IUD and emergency contraceptive pills are effective non-hormonal options, they have different mechanisms of action. The copper IUD works by affecting sperm movement and egg fertilization, while emergency contraceptive pills primarily prevent ovulation.
It is important to note that emergency contraception is not intended to be used as a regular method of birth control. It should only be used in emergency situations and followed up with a reliable ongoing method of contraception.
Consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most suitable non-hormonal emergency contraception option based on individual circumstances and preferences.
The lactational amenorrhea method for postpartum birth control in women
The lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is a non-hormonal and natural form of contraception that can be used by women as a hormone-free option for birth control. It is particularly suitable for women who have recently given birth and are breastfeeding their babies.
During the postpartum period, many women experience lactational amenorrhea, which is a natural pause in their menstrual cycles due to breastfeeding. This is because breastfeeding stimulates the production of a hormone called prolactin, which inhibits the release of other reproductive hormones necessary for ovulation and menstruation.
The effectiveness of LAM as a birth control method depends on three main factors, often referred to as the LAM criteria:
1. Lactation: The woman must be exclusively or nearly exclusively breastfeeding her baby. This means that the baby receives only breast milk and no other food or liquids, except for necessary medications or vitamins. Frequent breastfeeding, both during the day and night, is essential for the suppression of ovulation.
2. Amenorrhea: The woman must not have had a return of her menstrual periods since giving birth. If menstruation resumes, it indicates that ovulation could occur, and other contraceptive methods should be used.
3. Time: LAM is most effective during the first six months after giving birth. After this period, the chances of ovulation and fertility start to increase, and alternative contraceptive methods should be considered.
It is important to note that LAM is not a foolproof method of birth control and relies on strict adherence to the above criteria for optimal effectiveness. It is recommended to combine LAM with other non-hormonal contraceptive methods, such as barrier methods or fertility awareness-based methods, for added protection against unintended pregnancies.
If any of the LAM criteria are no longer met or if a woman wishes to achieve a higher level of effectiveness in preventing pregnancy, she should consult with her healthcare provider to discuss other birth control options.
In conclusion, LAM offers women a hormone-free and natural birth control method during the postpartum period. However, it is important to understand and follow the LAM criteria closely to ensure its effectiveness. With proper knowledge and guidance, women can confidently choose the non-hormonal contraception option that best suits their individual needs.
The sponge as a hormone-free birth control option for women
For women who are seeking non-hormonal options for birth control, the sponge is a natural and effective choice. Unlike hormonal methods that rely on synthetic hormones to prevent pregnancy, the sponge offers a hormone-free approach to contraception.
The sponge is a small, soft, and flexible device that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. It works by providing a barrier between the sperm and the cervix, preventing the sperm from reaching the egg. Additionally, the sponge contains spermicide, which helps to kill sperm and further reduces the risk of pregnancy.
One of the advantages of using the sponge as a non-hormonal birth control method is that it does not require a prescription. Women can easily purchase sponges over the counter at pharmacies or online. This gives women the freedom and convenience to use the sponge whenever they need it without having to make a doctor’s appointment.
Another benefit of the sponge is its ease of use. It can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse, allowing for spontaneity and eliminating the need to interrupt the moment. After intercourse, the sponge can be left in place for up to 30 hours, giving women plenty of time to remove it comfortably. It is important to note that the sponge is single-use and should be discarded after each use.
While the sponge is generally considered safe and effective, it is important for women to be aware of its potential drawbacks. The sponge may increase the risk of certain vaginal infections, such as yeast infections. Additionally, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use additional barrier methods (such as condoms) for STI prevention.
In conclusion, the sponge offers women a hormone-free option for birth control. Its ease of use and availability make it an attractive choice for those seeking a natural and convenient method. However, it is important to carefully consider the potential risks and limitations of the sponge before choosing it as a birth control method.
The rhythm method as a natural contraceptive choice for women
For women who prefer a natural and hormone-free approach to contraception, the rhythm method can be an effective option. Also known as the fertility awareness method, this approach involves tracking and monitoring a woman’s menstrual cycle to determine when she is most likely to be fertile and avoid intercourse during those times.
The rhythm method relies on the fact that a woman’s fertility is not constant throughout her menstrual cycle. By carefully tracking the length of each cycle and the occurrence of certain fertility signs, such as changes in basal body temperature and cervical mucus, a woman can identify her fertile window and use it to avoid unprotected sex.
It is important to note that the rhythm method requires consistent tracking and monitoring of menstrual cycles and fertility signs. This method is most effective when used by women with regular menstrual cycles, as irregular cycles can make it more challenging to accurately predict fertility. To increase the effectiveness of this method, it is recommended to combine it with other non-hormonal birth control methods, such as barrier methods like condoms or diaphragms.
While the rhythm method can be an effective non-hormonal option for contraception, it does carry a higher risk of unintended pregnancy compared to other methods, such as hormonal birth control or intrauterine devices. Therefore, it is essential for women considering this method to fully understand and commit to the requirements and limitations of the rhythm method to ensure its effectiveness.
Overall, the rhythm method provides women with a natural and hormone-free option for contraception. By carefully tracking and monitoring their menstrual cycles, women can identify their fertile window and effectively avoid unprotected sex during that time. However, it is crucial to remember that the rhythm method requires consistent diligence and is not as reliable as other non-hormonal birth control methods.