The PAPP-A test is a vital screening tool that can help detect potential health risks in pregnant women. This non-invasive test measures the levels of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) in the bloodstream. By analyzing these levels, medical professionals can evaluate the likelihood of certain complications, such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restrictions, that may pose a threat to both the mother and the baby.
During pregnancy, the body goes through numerous changes, and some can increase the risk of developing serious conditions. Preeclampsia, for instance, is a life-threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. By detecting low levels of PAPP-A, the test can help identify pregnant women who are at a higher risk of developing preeclampsia, allowing for early intervention and appropriate management to reduce the chances of a serious complication, such as a stroke.
The PAPP-A test can also provide valuable information about the baby’s development and potential growth restrictions. Fetal growth restrictions occur when the baby fails to reach its expected size in the womb. This can lead to various health issues for the baby, including an increased risk of stillbirth. By assessing the levels of PAPP-A, doctors can better evaluate the baby’s growth trajectory and make informed decisions regarding monitoring and management of the pregnancy.
It’s important to note that the PAPP-A test is just one tool in a comprehensive prenatal care plan. It should be used in conjunction with other tests and medical evaluations to provide the most accurate and complete picture of a woman’s health during pregnancy. With the information gained from the PAPP-A test, healthcare providers can take appropriate measures to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.
What is PAPP-A Test?
The PAPP-A test, also known as Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A test, is a blood test conducted during early pregnancy to assess the levels of a specific protein called PAPP-A. PAPP-A is produced by the placenta and plays a crucial role in the development of the fetus.
Why is the PAPP-A test important?
The PAPP-A test is important because it helps in evaluating the risk of certain complications during pregnancy. Low levels of PAPP-A may indicate a higher risk of conditions such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. On the other hand, elevated levels of PAPP-A may be associated with an increased risk of aortic dissection, ischemiŃ stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the maternal body.
How is the PAPP-A test performed?
The PAPP-A test is a simple blood test that is usually performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, typically between weeks 9 and 13. A small sample of blood is taken from the mother’s arm and sent to a laboratory for analysis. The results of the test help healthcare providers assess the potential risks and plan appropriate care for the mother and the baby.
Why is PAPP-A Test important?
The PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A) test is an essential tool in prenatal screening. It measures the levels of PAPP-A in a pregnant woman’s blood and helps to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, in the developing fetus.
One of the main reasons why the PAPP-A test is important is that it provides valuable information about the health of the baby and can help identify any potential issues early on in the pregnancy. This allows healthcare providers to take appropriate steps to manage and care for any conditions that may arise.
The test is non-invasive and involves a simple blood draw, making it safe for both the mother and the baby. It is usually performed between weeks 10 and 13 of the pregnancy, which allows for early detection and intervention, if necessary.
Additionally, the PAPP-A test can provide reassurance to expectant parents by giving them information about the overall well-being of the baby. Knowing that the test results are normal can provide a sense of relief and enable parents to better enjoy the pregnancy.
Overall, the PAPP-A test plays a crucial role in prenatal care, helping to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. By providing important information about the baby’s development, it allows healthcare providers to offer the necessary support and intervention when needed. The test provides expectant parents with peace of mind and enables them to make informed decisions about their pregnancy.
When is PAPP-A Test performed?
The PAPP-A Test is usually performed during early pregnancy, typically between 9 and 13 weeks gestation. It is a routine prenatal screening test that helps assess the risk of certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome and trisomy 18, in the developing baby.
During the test, a healthcare professional will take a small sample of blood from the mother’s arm. The sample is then sent to a laboratory to measure the levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in the blood.
Why is the PAPP-A Test performed?
The PAPP-A Test is performed to provide important information about the baby’s health and development. Low levels of PAPP-A may be associated with an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, while high levels could be an indication of other pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia.
How is the PAPP-A Test performed?
The PAPP-A Test is a simple blood test that can be done in a healthcare provider’s office or a laboratory. The blood sample is typically collected by gently inserting a needle into a vein in the mother’s arm. The procedure is relatively quick and should not cause any significant discomfort, although some women may experience a slight pinch or discomfort.
After the test, the healthcare provider will discuss the results with the mother and explain any necessary follow-up steps or additional testing that may be needed.
If you have any concerns or questions about the PAPP-A Test, it is important to discuss them with your healthcare provider. Remember, prenatal care is crucial for the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby, so don’t hesitate to seek support and information throughout your pregnancy journey.
PAPP-A Test: Procedure and Results
The PAPP-A test, also known as Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A test, is a routine prenatal screening test. It measures the levels of a protein called PAPP-A in the blood of pregnant women.
The procedure for the PAPP-A test involves a simple blood draw. A healthcare provider will clean the area to be punctured, usually on the arm, and insert a needle to collect a small amount of blood. The blood sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
The PAPP-A test is typically done in combination with other prenatal screening tests, such as the nuchal translucency (NT) scan, to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, particularly Down syndrome. The PAPP-A test measures the levels of PAPP-A, which is produced by the placenta, and abnormalities in its levels can be indicative of potential issues in the pregnancy.
Once the blood sample is analyzed, the results of the PAPP-A test are usually expressed as multiples of the median (MoM). A result of 1 MoM is considered average, while higher or lower MoM values may indicate an increased or decreased risk, respectively.
It is important to note that the PAPP-A test can only provide a risk assessment, and additional diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS), may be required for a conclusive diagnosis of any potential abnormalities.
In conclusion, the PAPP-A test is a simple and non-invasive procedure that measures the levels of a protein called PAPP-A in the blood of pregnant women. The results of the test can help healthcare providers assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities in the pregnancy, but further diagnostic tests may be needed for a definitive diagnosis.
How is PAPP-A Test performed?
When you go for a PAPP-A test, the healthcare professional will first explain the procedure to you and answer any questions you may have. The test is usually performed between the 9th and 13th weeks of pregnancy.
The PAPP-A test involves a simple blood draw, similar to other blood tests you may have experienced. The healthcare professional will carefully locate a suitable vein, usually in your arm, and clean the area with an alcohol pad. They will then insert a sterile needle into the vein and collect a small amount of blood into a vial or test tube. Although this may cause a momentary discomfort, it is generally a quick and relatively painless procedure.
After the blood sample is collected, it will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. The laboratory will measure the level of PAPP-A in the blood sample and provide the results to your healthcare provider. The test results are typically available within a few days to a week, depending on the laboratory and healthcare facility.
It’s important to note that the PAPP-A test is a screening test, rather than a diagnostic test. This means that it can indicate the likelihood of certain conditions, but cannot provide a definitive diagnosis. If the results of the PAPP-A test suggest a higher risk for a specific condition, additional tests may be recommended to confirm or rule out the presence of that condition.
Preparing for the PAPP-A Test
There are no specific preparations required for the PAPP-A test. However, it is advisable to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you may be taking, as certain medications can affect the test results. Additionally, wearing clothing with loose sleeves can make it easier for the healthcare professional to access your arm for the blood draw.
During the PAPP-A Test
During the PAPP-A test, you will be asked to roll up your sleeve or expose the upper part of your arm. The healthcare professional will cleanse the area and may apply a gentle pressure to help locate the vein. Once the needle is inserted into the vein, you may feel a slight pinch or stinging sensation. It is important to remain still and relaxed during the procedure to ensure accurate blood collection.
- Arrive at the healthcare facility at the scheduled appointment time
- Bring any necessary identification and medical insurance information
- Inform the healthcare professional about any medications you are taking
- Wear clothing with loose sleeves to facilitate the blood draw
- Remain still and relaxed during the blood draw procedure
What are the possible results of PAPP-A Test?
The PAPP-A test, or pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A test, is a prenatal screening test that measures the levels of a protein called PAPP-A in a pregnant woman’s blood. This test is typically done in the first trimester and can provide important information about the health of the pregnancy.
When the PAPP-A test results are analyzed, there are several possible outcomes:
- Normal results: In this case, the PAPP-A levels fall within the expected range for a healthy pregnancy. This is a reassuring result, indicating a lower risk of certain complications.
- Low PAPP-A levels: If the PAPP-A levels are lower than normal, it may indicate an increased risk for certain complications such as fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, or the development of a stroke.
- High PAPP-A levels: Conversely, high levels of PAPP-A may be associated with an increased risk for other complications, such as preterm birth or the need for a cesarean delivery.
It is important to note that abnormal PAPP-A test results do not necessarily mean that there is a problem with the pregnancy. Further testing and evaluation by a healthcare professional are typically needed to determine the significance of the results and to develop an appropriate care plan.
If you receive abnormal PAPP-A test results, remember that each case is unique, and it does not necessarily indicate a negative outcome. Your healthcare provider will explain the results in detail and provide guidance on any additional steps or monitoring that may be necessary.
In summary, the PAPP-A test is a valuable tool for assessing the health of a pregnancy. Understanding the possible results can help expectant parents and healthcare professionals make informed decisions about prenatal care and potential interventions.
PAPP-A Test: Risks and Benefits
The PAPP-A test is a prenatal screening test that measures the levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in a pregnant woman’s blood. It is often used in combination with other tests to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, in the fetus.
Like any medical test, the PAPP-A test carries both risks and benefits. Understanding these can help expectant parents make informed decisions about whether or not to undergo the test.
Risks
1. False positive results: The PAPP-A test may indicate an increased risk of a chromosomal abnormality when there is none. This can cause unnecessary anxiety and stress for the parents.
2. Invasive follow-up procedures: If the PAPP-A test shows an increased risk, further testing, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS), may be recommended. These procedures carry a small risk of complications, such as infection or miscarriage.
Benefits
1. Early detection of chromosomal abnormalities: The PAPP-A test can help identify pregnancies at higher risk for chromosomal abnormalities, allowing for early medical intervention and monitoring.
2. Peace of mind: For many parents, knowing the results of the PAPP-A test can provide reassurance and reduce anxiety during the pregnancy.
In conclusion, while the PAPP-A test has its risks, it also offers important benefits. It is crucial for expectant parents to weigh these factors and consult with their healthcare provider to make an informed decision about whether or not to undergo the test.
What are the risks associated with PAPP-A Test?
Like any medical procedure, the PAPP-A test carries some risks. It is important to be aware of these risks before deciding to undergo the test. Here are some of the potential risks associated with the PAPP-A test:
1. False positives:
In some cases, the PAPP-A test may produce a false positive result, indicating a high risk of certain conditions when the fetus is actually healthy. This can cause unnecessary stress and anxiety for expectant parents.
2. Emotional impact:
Receiving a positive result from the PAPP-A test can be emotionally challenging, as it may indicate a higher risk of certain congenital abnormalities or genetic conditions. This can be distressing for expectant parents and may affect their overall well-being during pregnancy.
It is important to note that the PAPP-A test is generally considered to be safe, and the risks associated with it are relatively low. However, it is always recommended to discuss any concerns or questions with a healthcare professional before undergoing the test.
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Early detection of potential problems | Potential for false positive results |
| Can help in making informed decisions | Emotional impact on expectant parents |
| Can provide valuable information for medical intervention | Minor risk of miscarriage |
In summary, while the PAPP-A test can provide valuable information about the health of the fetus, it is important to consider the potential risks and emotional impact associated with it. Open communication with healthcare professionals and understanding the limitations of the test can help expectant parents make informed decisions about their pregnancy.
What are the benefits of PAPP-A Test?
The PAPP-A test, or pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A test, is a blood test commonly performed during pregnancy to assess the risk of certain birth complications. This test measures the levels of PAPP-A, a protein that is produced by the placenta, in the mother’s blood.
Early detection of potential complications
One of the main benefits of the PAPP-A test is its ability to detect potential complications early on in the pregnancy. Abnormal levels of PAPP-A may indicate an increased risk of certain conditions, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, or miscarriage.
By identifying these risks early, healthcare providers can closely monitor the mother and baby, implement appropriate interventions, and provide necessary support to mitigate the potential adverse outcomes.
Improved prenatal care
Another benefit of the PAPP-A test is its role in improving prenatal care. By identifying high-risk pregnancies, healthcare providers can tailor their care plans accordingly. This may involve more frequent prenatal visits, additional monitoring, specialized testing, and consultations with specialists.
With enhanced prenatal care, potential complications can be detected and managed promptly, leading to better outcomes for both the mother and the baby.
Overall, the PAPP-A test offers important benefits by allowing for early detection of potential complications and guiding the provision of appropriate prenatal care. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby during pregnancy.
PAPP-A Test: Interpretation and Accuracy
The PAPP-A test is a prenatal screening test that measures the levels of a protein called Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) in a pregnant woman’s blood sample. This test is often performed in combination with other tests, such as the nuchal translucency ultrasound, to assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, particularly Down syndrome, in the developing fetus.
The interpretation of the PAPP-A test results is based on the comparison of the measured PAPP-A levels with established normative values for each gestational week. The test results are usually reported as multiples of the median (MoM), which indicates how the measured PAPP-A level compares to the expected average level for a specific gestational age.
It is important to note that the PAPP-A test is not a diagnostic test for chromosomal abnormalities, but rather a screening test that provides an estimate of the risk. The accuracy of the test in detecting chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, depends on various factors, including the gestational age, maternal age, and the specific cutoff values used by the laboratory performing the test.
In general, lower than expected PAPP-A levels may indicate an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, while higher than expected levels may suggest a lower risk. However, it is crucial to remember that the interpretation of the PAPP-A test results should always be done in conjunction with other screening tests and individual patient characteristics.
It is also important to keep in mind that a positive or abnormal PAPP-A test result does not necessarily mean that the baby will have a chromosomal abnormality. Further diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, are usually recommended to confirm the presence of a chromosomal abnormality.
In conclusion, the PAPP-A test is an integral part of prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities. While the interpretation of the test results requires expertise and consideration of various factors, it can provide valuable information for expectant parents and their healthcare providers to make informed decisions about further testing and care during pregnancy.
How is PAPP-A Test interpreted?
The PAPP-A test, also known as the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A test, is a prenatal screening test used to assess the risk of certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, in the unborn baby. After the blood test is performed, the results are interpreted to determine the likelihood of the baby having a genetic condition.
Interpreting the PAPP-A Test Results
The PAPP-A test measures the level of PAPP-A protein in the maternal blood. The results are usually reported as a multiple of the median (MoM) value. The MoM value compares the measured PAPP-A level to the typical level found in a healthy population. A MoM value of 1 indicates an average level, while a value below 1 suggests a lower than average level and a value above 1 suggests a higher than average level.
What the Results Mean
A low PAPP-A level may be an indication of an increased risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. It may also be associated with other pregnancy complications, such as fetal growth restriction or preeclampsia. However, it’s worth noting that a low PAPP-A level does not confirm the presence of a genetic disorder or other complications.
On the other hand, a high PAPP-A level is generally considered a favorable result and may indicate a lower risk of certain genetic disorders. However, it’s important to remember that the PAPP-A test is just one piece of the puzzle when it comes to assessing the overall risk of genetic conditions in the baby.
Factors Affecting PAPP-A Levels
Several factors can influence the PAPP-A levels in the maternal blood. These include maternal age, gestational age, smoking status, and maternal weight. It’s essential to consider these factors when interpreting the test results. Additionally, medical professionals may use additional testing and genetic counseling to further assess the risk and provide a more accurate interpretation.
| PAPP-A Level | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| MoM < 0.6 | Increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities |
| MoM > 1.0 | Decreased risk of chromosomal abnormalities |
| MoM < 0.4 | Associated with poor pregnancy outcomes |
| MoM > 1.5 | Associated with excellent pregnancy outcomes |
It’s important to remember that the PAPP-A test is a screening tool and not a diagnostic test. Abnormal results do not necessarily mean that the baby has a genetic disorder or any other complications. Further diagnostic testing, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, may be recommended to confirm the findings.
How accurate is PAPP-A Test?
The accuracy of the PAPP-A test is crucial in providing accurate results and diagnoses. This test, also known as the Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein-A test, is a valuable tool used to evaluate the risks of certain complications during pregnancy.
During the test, a blood sample is taken from the pregnant woman, and the levels of the PAPP-A protein are measured. This protein is produced by the placenta and is essential for the development of the fetus. Abnormal levels of PAPP-A can indicate potential problems, such as an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities or preeclampsia.
The PAPP-A test has been extensively researched and has proven to be a highly accurate screening tool. It has a sensitivity of 80-90% in detecting chromosomal abnormalities like Down syndrome and a specificity of 95-99%. This means that the test can accurately identify most cases of these abnormalities while minimizing false positives, reducing unnecessary anxiety for expectant parents.
The Pat of PAPP-A Test: Potential Benefits and Limitations
The PAPP-A test provides several potential benefits to both the mother and the baby. By detecting potential problems early on, healthcare providers can offer appropriate monitoring and interventions to ensure the health and well-being of both. It can also help parents make informed decisions about their pregnancy and plan for any necessary medical care.
However, it is important to understand that the PAPP-A test is not diagnostic. A positive result will typically prompt further diagnostic testing, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling, to confirm or rule out any abnormalities. False negatives can also occur, meaning that a negative result does not guarantee a completely healthy pregnancy.
The Test: A Simple Procedure with Minimal Discomfort
The PAPP-A test is a relatively simple procedure that involves drawing a small amount of blood from the mother’s arm. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis, and the results are usually available within a few days. The procedure is generally well-tolerated, with only minor discomfort like a small needle prick.
Cuddle… Stroke…
In conclusion, the PAPP-A test is a highly accurate screening tool that provides valuable information about potential pregnancy complications. While it is not diagnostic and further testing may be required, it offers important benefits to both the mother and the baby by allowing early detection and appropriate management. The test itself is a simple procedure that causes minimal discomfort to the mother. It’s an essential part of prenatal care and can provide peace of mind to expectant parents.
PAPP-A Test: Considerations and Precautions
When considering whether to undergo the PAPP-A test, there are a few important factors to keep in mind. This test, which stands for Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, is a blood test that measures the level of a hormone called PAPP-A in a pregnant woman’s body.
Before deciding to take the PAPP-A test, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional. They will be able to provide you with the necessary information and guidance to make an informed decision.
One consideration is the potential risks associated with the PAPP-A test. Like any medical procedure, there is a small chance of experiencing complications. It is essential to discuss these risks with your healthcare provider to understand if the potential benefits outweigh the risks for you.
Another important consideration is the timing of the test. The PAPP-A test is typically done during the first trimester of pregnancy, ideally between weeks 11 and 14. It is important to schedule the test within this timeframe to ensure accurate results.
Additionally, it is crucial to understand the limitations of the PAPP-A test. While this test can provide valuable information about the risk of certain fetal abnormalities, it cannot provide a definitive diagnosis. Further testing may be required if the PAPP-A test indicates a higher risk.
Finally, it is important to consider the emotional impact of the test results. While the PAPP-A test can provide valuable information, it can also cause anxiety and stress for some individuals. It is essential to have a support system in place to address any emotional concerns that may arise.
- Consulting with a healthcare professional
- Understanding the potential risks
- Timing of the test
- Limitations of the PAPP-A test
- Emotional impact of the test results
In conclusion, the PAPP-A test is an important tool for assessing the risk of certain fetal abnormalities. However, it is essential to consider various factors and precautions before undergoing this test. Consulting with a healthcare professional and understanding the potential risks and limitations will help you make an informed decision.
What factors should be considered before taking PAPP-A Test?
Before undergoing a PAPP-A test, it is important to consider several factors that can affect the accuracy and interpretation of the results. These factors include:
Medical History
It is crucial to provide your medical history to the healthcare provider who will be administering the test. This includes any pre-existing conditions or medications you are currently taking. Certain medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease, can affect PAPP-A levels and may impact the accuracy of the test results.
Timing of the Test
The timing of the PAPP-A test is crucial for accurate results. The test is typically performed between 9 and 13 weeks of pregnancy. Taking the test too early or too late can affect the reliability of the results. It is recommended to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the optimal timing for the test.
During the test, a blood sample is taken from the mother, and the PAPP-A levels are measured. This measurement can provide important information about the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and other pregnancy complications.
Overall, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider and discuss any concerns or questions you may have before deciding to undergo a PAPP-A test. They will be able to provide you with the necessary information and guidance to make an informed decision regarding your prenatal care.
| Factors to Consider |
|---|
| Medical history and current medications |
| Timing of the test |
Are there any precautions to take before PAPP-A Test?
Before undergoing the PAPP-A Test, it is important to consider a few precautions. The test is generally safe and non-invasive, but it is always best to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice.
Here are some general precautions to keep in mind:
|
1. Patience: |
It is important to approach the test with patience. The results may take some time to be processed, and it is essential to give the healthcare professionals enough time to interpret the results accurately. |
|
2. Cuddle: |
Taking a loved one or a supportive friend with you for the test can help provide emotional comfort. The procedure may cause anxiety for some individuals, and having someone to cuddle or hold your hand can provide reassurance. |
|
3. PAPP-A Test: |
Make sure you understand the purpose of the test and its potential benefits and limitations. Discuss any concerns or questions you may have with your healthcare provider to ensure clear communication and informed decision-making. |
|
4. The Stroke: |
During the test, the healthcare professional may need to gently stroke your abdomen to help position the ultrasound probe correctly. If you have any discomfort or if you are ticklish, it is important to communicate this to the professional so they can adjust their technique accordingly. |
Remember, the purpose of the PAPP-A Test is to provide valuable information about your pregnancy. By following the necessary precautions and seeking guidance from your healthcare provider, you can ensure a smooth and informed experience.
Summary of PAPP-A Test
The PAPP-A test, also known as the Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A test, is a prenatal screening test that measures the levels of PAPP-A protein in the maternal blood during pregnancy. This test is commonly used to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, in the developing fetus.
PAPP-A is a protein that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Low levels of PAPP-A may indicate an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, while high levels may indicate a lower risk. The results of the PAPP-A test are often combined with other tests, such as ultrasound and maternal age, to provide a more accurate assessment of the risk.
The PAPP-A test involves a simple blood draw from the pregnant woman. It is usually performed between 9 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and can be done as part of routine prenatal care. The test does not pose any risks to the mother or the developing fetus.
If the PAPP-A test results indicate an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities, further diagnostic tests may be recommended. These tests, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, can provide more detailed information about the genetic makeup of the fetus.
In conclusion, the PAPP-A test is a valuable tool in assessing the risk of chromosomal abnormalities during pregnancy. It provides important information that can guide further diagnostic testing and help healthcare providers in making informed decisions. However, it is important to note that the PAPP-A test is not diagnostic and can only provide an estimate of the risk. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider for further guidance and information.