Pregnancy is a beautiful and transformative time in a woman’s life, but it can also bring along some unexpected changes. One of these changes includes the possibility of developing a skin rash during pregnancy.
Being pregnant is a miraculous experience, but your body goes through numerous changes while carrying a baby. Hormonal fluctuations, increased blood flow, and immune system alterations can all contribute to the development of a rash.
There are several types of pregnancy rashes, each with its own causes and symptoms. Some common rashes include pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP), and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). These rashes can cause intense itching, redness, and discomfort, and may appear on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, or other areas of the body.
If you experience a rash during pregnancy, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. While many rashes can be managed with topical creams, antihistamines, or oatmeal baths, it is crucial to avoid self-diagnosis and self-medication, as some rashes may require specific medical interventions. Your healthcare professional will be able to determine the cause of your rash and provide you with the most effective treatment options that are safe for you and your baby. Remember, a rash during pregnancy should never be ignored and proper medical guidance is essential for your health and well-being.
Understanding Pregnancy Rash
Pregnancy can cause a variety of changes in a woman’s body, including changes to the skin. It is not uncommon for pregnant women to experience a rash or other skin issues during their pregnancy.
A pregnancy rash, also known as pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), is a common skin condition that affects many women. It typically begins in the third trimester and is characterized by red, itchy bumps or hives that can spread to various parts of the body.
The exact cause of pregnancy rash is not known, but hormonal changes, immune system alterations, and stretching of the skin are believed to play a role. The rash is usually not harmful to the mother or the baby, but it can be uncomfortable and irritating.
If you develop a rash while pregnant, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. They may recommend over-the-counter creams or lotions to help soothe the itchiness and reduce inflammation.
Some self-care measures that may help alleviate symptoms of pregnancy rash include:
- Avoiding hot showers or baths as hot water can worsen the itching
- Wearing loose-fitting clothing made of breathable fabrics like cotton
- Applying cool compresses to the affected areas
- Avoiding scratching the rash, as it can lead to infection
- Using fragrance-free and hypoallergenic skincare products to minimize irritation
In severe cases, your healthcare provider may prescribe topical or oral medications to help control the rash. They will also monitor your condition closely to ensure the well-being of both you and your baby. Most pregnancy rashes resolve on their own after delivery.
While pregnancy rash can be frustrating and uncomfortable, it is important to remember that it is a temporary condition. The priority is to keep yourself and your baby healthy. If you have any concerns or questions about your skin or rash while pregnant, do not hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider for advice and proper management.
Common Causes of Pregnancy Rash
Many pregnant women experience changes in their skin during pregnancy, including the development of rashes. While not all rashes are a cause for concern, it is important for expectant mothers to be aware of the common causes of pregnancy rash and when to seek medical attention.
Here are some common causes of pregnancy rash:
| Hormonal changes: | The hormonal fluctuations that occur during pregnancy can lead to changes in the skin, including the development of rashes. These hormonal changes can trigger an increase in oil production, which can clog pores and lead to the formation of rashes. |
| Allergic reactions: | Pregnant women may develop rashes as a result of allergic reactions to certain substances. These allergens can include anything from skincare products to certain foods. |
| PUPPP: | PUPPP (pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy) is a common rash that occurs during pregnancy, typically in the third trimester. It is characterized by red, itchy bumps that usually start on the abdomen and can spread to other parts of the body. |
| Heat and sweat: | The combination of increased body heat and sweat production during pregnancy can contribute to the development of rashes. It is important for pregnant women to wear loose, breathable clothing and avoid overheating. |
| Stretch marks: | While not technically a rash, stretch marks are a common skin condition that many pregnant women experience. These reddish or purplish marks can appear on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, and hips as a result of the skin stretching during pregnancy. |
If you experience a rash during pregnancy that is accompanied by severe itching, pain, or other concerning symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment. They can help determine the underlying cause of the rash and provide guidance on how to manage it while ensuring the safety of both the pregnant woman and her baby.
Types of Pregnancy Rash
During pregnancy, some women may experience various types of rashes on their skin. These rashes can be caused by hormonal changes, increased blood flow, or an allergic reaction to certain substances. It is important to understand the different types of pregnancy rashes and how to identify them.
1. Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP): This is the most common type of pregnancy rash, affecting around 1 in 150 pregnancies. It usually occurs during the third trimester and is characterized by itchy, red bumps and plaques on the abdomen, thighs, and buttocks. PUPPP is not harmful to the baby and usually resolves on its own after delivery.
2. Prurigo of Pregnancy: This rash appears as itchy papules or bumps on the arms, legs, or trunk. It is more common in first-time pregnancies and often begins during the second trimester. Prurigo of pregnancy is believed to be related to hormonal changes and can be managed with moisturizers, antihistamines, and topical steroids.
3. Pemphigoid Gestationis: Also known as herpes gestationis, this rare autoimmune blistering disorder typically occurs during the second or third trimester. It presents as itchy, red bumps or blisters that may spread to other parts of the body. Pemphigoid gestationis requires medical attention and can be treated with topical or oral corticosteroids.
4. Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Cholestasis is a liver condition that can occur during pregnancy, leading to intense itching and a rash. The rash typically affects the hands and feet and is accompanied by other symptoms such as dark urine and jaundice. Cholestasis of pregnancy requires medical intervention to manage symptoms and prevent complications for both the mother and baby.
5. Pruritic Folliculitis of Pregnancy: This condition presents as itchy red bumps or pustules around hair follicles. It usually occurs during the second or third trimester and can be managed with topical antibiotics or antifungal medications.
It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you develop a rash during pregnancy, as they can properly diagnose the rash and recommend the appropriate treatment.
Symptoms of Pregnancy Rash
During pregnancy, many women experience changes in their skin, including the development of a pregnancy rash. This rash can appear at any time during pregnancy, but it is most common in the second and third trimesters.
Pregnancy rash, also known as pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), is characterized by itchy, red, raised bumps on the skin. The rash usually starts in the stretch marks on the belly and then spreads to other areas of the body, such as the thighs, buttocks, and breasts.
While the exact cause of pregnancy rash is unknown, hormonal changes during pregnancy are believed to play a role. The increased levels of hormones can lead to heightened sensitivity and inflammation in the skin, resulting in the development of the rash.
Women who are pregnant with multiples, have excessive weight gain, or are carrying a male fetus may have an increased risk of developing pregnancy rash. Additionally, those with a personal or family history of skin conditions, such as eczema or hives, may be more prone to experiencing the rash.
The symptoms of pregnancy rash can vary from person to person, but they typically include:
1. Itching: The rash is often accompanied by intense itching, which can be quite bothersome and can interfere with sleep and daily activities.
2. Red, raised bumps: The rash consists of red, raised bumps that may be small or large in size. These bumps can be widespread or clustered together in patches.
3. Inflammation: The affected areas of the skin may appear inflamed, swollen, or irritated.
4. Spreading: Pregnancy rash tends to spread rapidly, particularly on the abdomen, but can also affect other areas of the body.
It is important for pregnant women who develop a rash to consult with their healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. While pregnancy rash does not pose a significant risk to the baby, it can cause discomfort and affect the mother’s quality of life.
Disclaimer: This information is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health providers with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Diagnosing Pregnancy Rash
Diagnosing a rash is crucial for pregnant women, as it can help determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment. While some rashes may occur during pregnancy due to hormonal changes, others may be unrelated to this condition.
Consulting a Healthcare Provider
If you notice a rash while pregnant, it is important to consult your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis. They will examine the rash and ask you questions about your symptoms, medical history, and any recent exposure to irritants or allergens. This information will help them narrow down the potential causes of the rash.
During the examination, your healthcare provider may perform additional tests or refer you to a dermatologist for further evaluation. They may take a sample of the rash to be analyzed in a laboratory or order blood tests to rule out any underlying conditions.
Common Causes of Pregnancy Rash
There are several common causes of rashes during pregnancy that your healthcare provider may consider. These include:
- Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP): PUPPP is a common pregnancy rash characterized by itchy red bumps and hives that typically start on the abdomen and can spread to other areas of the body.
- Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Cholestasis is a liver condition that can occur during pregnancy, causing intense itching and a rash that often affects the palms and soles of the feet.
- Prurigo of Pregnancy: Prurigo is a condition that causes itchy, small, and hard bumps to develop on the skin. It commonly affects pregnant women, especially during the third trimester.
- Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy hormones can lead to changes in the skin, which may cause rashes such as acne or melasma (darkening of the skin).
- Allergic Reactions: Some pregnant women may develop rashes as a result of allergic reactions to certain foods, medications, or environmental triggers.
By carefully considering your symptoms and conducting necessary tests, your healthcare provider can help identify the exact cause of your pregnancy rash. This information will guide them in determining the most appropriate treatment plan to alleviate your symptoms and promote a healthy pregnancy.
Risks and Complications of Pregnancy Rash
Pregnancy rash, also known as pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP), can be a source of discomfort for pregnant women. While this condition is not harmful to the baby, it can cause physical and emotional distress.
Increased itching and discomfort
A pregnancy rash can lead to intense itchiness, which can be challenging to manage. This can disrupt sleep and daily activities, leading to increased stress and frustration.
Psychological impact
Dealing with a rash during pregnancy can be emotionally challenging for some women. It can lead to feelings of self-consciousness and embarrassment, affecting their overall well-being and self-esteem.
Possible complications:
1. Secondary skin infections: Constant scratching and skin irritation increases the risk of developing a secondary bacterial or fungal infection. It is essential to seek medical attention if you notice signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, or discharge.
2. Sleep disturbances: The itching and discomfort associated with pregnancy rash can disrupt sleep, leading to fatigue and increased stress levels. Adequate rest is crucial during pregnancy, and sleeping difficulties can impact both the mother and baby’s health.
3. Impact on daily activities: Severe itching and discomfort can make it difficult to perform routine tasks and activities. This can limit a pregnant woman’s ability to work, exercise, and care for herself and her family during this crucial time.
Seeking medical advice
If you are pregnant and experiencing a rash, it is essential to consult your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. They can determine the underlying cause of the rash and recommend appropriate remedies or medications that are safe to use during pregnancy.
Remember, each pregnancy rash case is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. It is crucial to have an open and honest conversation with your doctor to ensure the best course of action for you and your baby’s health.
In conclusion, while a pregnancy rash may not pose significant risks to the baby, it can cause discomfort, irritation, and emotional distress for the expectant mother. It is important to seek medical advice and follow the recommended treatment to manage the symptoms effectively and improve overall well-being during pregnancy.
Preventing Pregnancy Rash
While pregnancy rash can be uncomfortable and bothersome, there are some steps you can take to prevent it. Here are some tips to keep your skin healthy and rash-free during pregnancy:
| 1. Stay hydrated: | Drinking plenty of water can help keep your skin hydrated and less prone to rashes. |
| 2. Avoid triggers: | Identify and avoid any potential triggers for rash development, such as certain fabrics, chemicals, or allergens. |
| 3. Practice good hygiene: | Keep your skin clean and dry to reduce the risk of developing a rash. |
| 4. Wear loose-fitting clothes: | Wearing loose-fitting, breathable clothing can help prevent irritation and overheating, which can contribute to rashes. |
| 5. Use gentle skincare products: | Choose skincare products that are specifically formulated for sensitive skin and avoid harsh chemicals that may irritate your skin. |
| 6. Moisturize regularly: | Apply a moisturizer to keep your skin hydrated and prevent dryness, which can lead to itching and rashes. |
| 7. Avoid excessive heat: | Avoid prolonged exposure to hot environments or activities that can cause excessive sweating, as this can increase the risk of developing a rash. |
By following these preventative measures, you can reduce the likelihood of developing a pregnancy rash and maintain healthy, comfortable skin throughout your pregnancy.
Treating Pregnancy Rash
During pregnancy, some women may experience a rash on their skin. While this can be uncomfortable and concerning, there are several ways to treat pregnancy rash and alleviate the symptoms. It’s important to remember to consult with a healthcare provider before beginning any treatment.
Identifying the cause:
First and foremost, it is essential to determine the cause of the rash. Pregnancy rash can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, allergies, or certain skin conditions. By identifying the underlying cause, it becomes easier to select the appropriate treatment method.
Gentle skincare:
When dealing with a pregnancy rash, it is important to be gentle with the skin. Avoid using harsh soaps, fragrances, or other potential irritants. Instead, opt for mild, hypoallergenic cleansers and moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated and minimize irritation.
Tip: Remember to pat the skin dry instead of rubbing it vigorously, as this can further aggravate the rash.
Relief from itching:
Itching is a common symptom associated with pregnancy rash. To find relief, try using cool compresses, taking lukewarm baths, or applying over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams as directed by a healthcare provider. It is essential to avoid scratching the affected area, as this can lead to infection or further irritation.
Other treatment options:
In some cases, a healthcare provider may recommend other treatment options for pregnancy rash, such as antihistamines or topical corticosteroids. These medications can help reduce inflammation and alleviate itching, but they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
It is important to note that certain treatments and medications may not be suitable for pregnant women. Always consult with a healthcare provider before using any products or medications while pregnant.
Overall, treating pregnancy rash involves identifying the cause, being gentle with the skin, finding relief from itching, and considering additional treatment options if necessary. By following these guidelines and seeking medical advice, women can manage and alleviate the discomfort associated with pregnancy rash.
Home Remedies for Pregnancy Rash
If you are pregnant and experiencing a rash, there are several home remedies that can help alleviate the discomfort and reduce the appearance of the rash. While it is always important to consult with your healthcare provider before self-treating any condition, these remedies may offer relief.
1. Keep the skin clean and dry:
It is essential to keep the affected area clean and dry to prevent further irritation. Gently wash the rash with a mild soap and warm water, and pat it dry with a soft towel. Avoid scrubbing the area, as it can exacerbate the inflammation.
2. Apply cold compresses:
To reduce itching and inflammation, apply cold compresses to the rash. Use a clean cloth soaked in cold water or ice packs wrapped in a thin towel. Apply the compresses to the affected area for 10-15 minutes several times a day.
3. Use fragrance-free and hypoallergenic products:
During pregnancy, the skin can become more sensitive and react to certain products. Choose fragrance-free and hypoallergenic soaps, lotions, and detergents to minimize irritation. Avoid products that contain harsh chemicals or artificial fragrances.
4. Wear loose-fitting and breathable clothing:
Tight-fitting clothing can cause friction and trap moisture, exacerbating the rash. Opt for loose-fitting, breathable fabrics like cotton to allow air circulation and reduce sweating. Avoid wearing synthetic materials that can irritate the skin.
5. Avoid scratching:
Although it may be tempting, scratching the rash will only worsen the symptoms and increase the risk of infection. To relieve itching, try applying calamine lotion or over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream as directed by your healthcare provider.
6. Stay hydrated:
Drinking plenty of water helps maintain overall skin health and hydration. It can also help flush out toxins and reduce inflammation. Aim to drink at least eight glasses of water per day.
Remember, while these home remedies may provide relief, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider if the rash persists or worsens. They can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend additional treatment options if necessary.
Over-the-Counter Medications for Pregnancy Rash
While many over-the-counter medications can be safe to use during pregnancy, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider before taking any medication. Some common medications that may be recommended for treating pregnancy rash include:
Antihistamines
Antihistamines can help relieve itching and reduce inflammation associated with pregnancy rash. They work by blocking the release of histamine, a chemical that causes allergic reactions and itchiness. However, certain antihistamines may have side effects or interactions, so it is important to check with your doctor or pharmacist before taking them.
Topical Corticosteroids
Topical corticosteroids are creams or ointments that can help alleviate the symptoms of pregnancy rash, such as redness and inflammation. They work by reducing the immune response and inflammation in the affected area. It is important to use topical corticosteroids as directed by your doctor, as prolonged or excessive use can lead to skin thinning and other side effects.
While these over-the-counter medications may provide relief for pregnancy rash, it is important to remember that every individual is different and may react differently to medications. It is always best to consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new medication, especially during pregnancy.
In addition to over-the-counter medications, there are also some home remedies and lifestyle changes that may help alleviate the symptoms of pregnancy rash. These may include keeping the skin cool and dry, wearing loose-fitting clothing, avoiding potential irritants, and using mild, fragrance-free skincare products.
If you experience a rash during pregnancy, it is important to seek medical advice to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. While many cases of pregnancy rash are harmless and resolve on their own, there may be instances when further evaluation and treatment are necessary.
Prescription Medications for Pregnancy Rash
During pregnancy, some women may experience a rash on their skin, which can be uncomfortable and frustrating. While there are various causes for pregnancy rashes, it is important to seek proper medical advice before taking any prescription medications.
If you are pregnant and have a rash, it is crucial to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the cause of the rash and the appropriate course of treatment. Prescription medications for pregnancy rash should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional.
There are certain prescription medications that may be prescribed to relieve and manage pregnancy rashes. These medications may include topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or antibiotics, depending on the specific type and severity of the rash.
Topical corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation and itching associated with pregnancy rashes. However, it is important to use them as directed by your healthcare provider and for the shortest duration possible to minimize any potential risks. It is also advisable to use lower-potency corticosteroids, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Antihistamines may be prescribed to help alleviate itching and discomfort caused by pregnancy rashes. However, it is essential to choose antihistamines that are considered safe for use during pregnancy. These medications should be taken according to the recommended dosage and under medical supervision.
In cases where the rash is caused by a bacterial or fungal infection, your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics or antifungal medications. These medications should be used as directed and for the full prescribed course to effectively treat the infection and prevent any potential complications.
It is important to note that self-medication or the use of over-the-counter medications without medical advice can be potentially harmful during pregnancy. Some medications may have adverse effects on the developing fetus or pose other risks.
If you experience a pregnancy rash, consult your healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and to discuss the most appropriate treatment options. They will be able to guide you on the use of prescription medications and monitor your condition to ensure the well-being of both you and your developing baby.
Coping Strategies for Pregnancy Rash
Dealing with a rash while pregnant can be both uncomfortable and worrisome. However, there are several coping strategies that can help alleviate symptoms and provide relief during pregnancy.
1. Maintain good hygiene:
Keeping the skin clean and dry is essential in managing pregnancy rash. Gently wash the affected area with a mild, fragrance-free soap and lukewarm water. Avoid scrubbing or using harsh cleansers, as they can irritate the skin further.
2. Wear loose and breathable clothing:
During pregnancy, it’s crucial to wear loose-fitting clothes made of breathable fabrics like cotton. This helps to reduce friction and allows the skin to breathe, minimizing the risk of developing a rash.
3. Avoid triggers:
Identify any potential triggers that may worsen your pregnancy rash and try to avoid them. Common triggers include certain fabrics, harsh detergents, perfumes, and excessive heat. By staying away from these triggers, you can help prevent flare-ups and reduce discomfort.
4. Moisturize regularly:
Keeping your skin well-hydrated can help soothe irritation and reduce itching. Apply a gentle, fragrance-free moisturizer to the affected area at least twice a day. Look for products specifically formulated for sensitive skin.
5. Use cool compresses:
If your pregnancy rash is causing discomfort, try applying cool compresses to the affected area. This can help reduce inflammation, itching, and swelling. Avoid using hot water or ice packs, as extreme temperatures can worsen the rash.
6. Seek medical advice:
If your pregnancy rash persists or becomes severe, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider. They can evaluate your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment options that are safe to use during pregnancy.
Remember to always discuss any concerns or questions with your healthcare provider, as they can provide personalized advice and guidance throughout your pregnancy.
| Causes | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Causes of pregnancy rash can vary and may be hormonal or related to skin changes. | Symptoms of pregnancy rash can include redness, itching, and inflammation. | Treatment options for pregnancy rash may include topical creams, antihistamines, or other medications. |
When to Seek Medical Help
While many skin changes are normal during pregnancy, it’s important to pay attention to any unusual rashes or symptoms that may arise. If you experience a rash that is painful, itchy, or spreading rapidly, it’s recommended to seek medical help.
Additionally, if you notice any of the following symptoms accompanying a rash, you should consult a healthcare professional:
- Fever
- Blisters or open sores
- Severe pain
- Swelling or inflammation
- Difficulty breathing
Your healthcare provider can help determine the cause of the rash and recommend appropriate treatment options. They may refer you to a dermatologist for further evaluation or prescribe medications that are safe to use during pregnancy. Remember, it’s always better to seek medical help for any concerns or questions regarding your skin during pregnancy.
FAQs about Pregnancy Rash
Having a rash while pregnant can be concerning, but it is often a common occurrence. It is important to understand what causes these rashes and how they can be treated. Below are some frequently asked questions about pregnancy rash:
1. What causes a rash during pregnancy?
A rash during pregnancy can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, increased blood flow to the skin, and stretching of the skin. It can also be a result of allergies, irritants, or certain medical conditions.
2. What are the common symptoms of pregnancy rash?
The symptoms of pregnancy rash can vary depending on the cause, but common symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and the appearance of bumps or blisters on the skin. Some women may also experience pain or discomfort in the affected area.
3. Can pregnancy rash harm the baby?
In most cases, pregnancy rash does not harm the baby. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider to rule out any possible complications or underlying conditions that may be causing the rash.
4. How can I treat pregnancy rash?
Treatment for pregnancy rash depends on the cause and severity of the rash. In some cases, over-the-counter creams or ointments may help alleviate symptoms. It is important to avoid scratching the rash, as it can lead to infections. Consulting with a healthcare provider is recommended for proper diagnosis and treatment.
5. Can I prevent pregnancy rash?
While it may not be possible to prevent all cases of pregnancy rash, there are certain measures that can help reduce the risk. This includes keeping the skin clean and well-moisturized, avoiding exposure to irritants or allergens, and wearing loose-fitting clothing made of breathable fabrics.
6. When should I seek medical attention for pregnancy rash?
If you are experiencing a pregnancy rash that is severe, spreading rapidly, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as fever or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. These may be signs of a more serious condition that requires prompt treatment.
Remember, every pregnancy is different, and it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance on managing pregnancy rash.
References
1. American Pregnancy Association. (n.d.). Skin Changes During Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/skin-changes-during-pregnancy/
2. Mayo Clinic. (2021). Pregnancy Rash: What Is PUPPP?. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/expert-answers/pregnancy-rash/faq-20317735
3. WebMD. (2020). PUPPP: Rash That Often Occurs Late in Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-puupps#1
4. American Academy of Dermatology Association. (n.d.). PUPPP: Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/puppp
5. American Academy of Dermatology Association. (2019). PUPPP: Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/puppp/symptoms
6. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Skin Conditions During Pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2015/05/skin-conditions-during-pregnancy
7. American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. (n.d.). Pregnancy-Associated Rashes. Retrieved from http://www.aocd.org/?page=PregnancyAssocRashes