Pregnancy is a time of great joy and anticipation for expecting mothers. However, it is also a time when certain health conditions can have a significant impact on both the mother and the unborn baby. One such condition is hypothyroidism, a deficiency in thyroid hormone production.
The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in the development and growth of the fetus. If a pregnant woman has an absent or lacking thyroid, it can lead to serious complications for both her and her baby. Hormones produced by the thyroid are essential for the proper development of the baby’s brain and nervous system. Without these hormones, the baby may experience developmental delays and cognitive impairments.
It is important for pregnant women to be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism and to seek appropriate medical care. Some common signs of hypothyroidism during pregnancy include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and depression. If left untreated, hypothyroidism can increase the risk of complications such as preeclampsia, miscarriage, and preterm birth.
Understanding the Connection
During pregnancy, the importance of thyroid function becomes even more crucial due to the growing demands of both the mother and the fetus. The thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating the body’s metabolism and hormone production. A deficiency in thyroid hormones can result in a condition known as hypothyroidism.
In cases where a pregnant woman is already dealing with a thyroid deficiency or hypothyroidism, the impact extends to the developing baby. The lack of adequate thyroid hormones in the mother can affect the thyroid function of the fetus, leading to potential health issues.
Thyroid deficiency during pregnancy can have various effects on the growth and development of the baby. It can lead to low birth weight, premature birth, and even developmental delays. Furthermore, there is an increased risk of complications such as preeclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage.
Expecting mothers with hypothyroidism should be closely monitored by their healthcare providers to ensure that their thyroid levels are within the normal range. This may involve regular blood tests and adjustments to hormone replacement therapy if necessary.
It is important for pregnant women to be aware of the potential impact of a thyroid deficiency on both themselves and their baby. By understanding the connection between pregnancy and hypothyroidism, women can take the necessary steps to ensure a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby.
Risks and Complications
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can pose several risks and complications for both the mother and the baby. When the thyroid gland is absent or not functioning properly, it can lead to a deficiency of thyroid hormones in the body. This deficiency can have significant implications for a pregnant woman and the developing fetus.
Risks for the Mother:
If a pregnant woman is expecting a baby while having hypothyroidism, she may experience an increased risk of certain health issues. Some common risks include:
- Gestational hypertension: Hypothyroidism can contribute to developing high blood pressure during pregnancy, which can pose risks to both the mother and the baby.
- Preeclampsia: Women with hypothyroidism may be more prone to developing preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to other organs.
- Postpartum hemorrhage: Hypothyroidism can increase the risk of excessive bleeding after childbirth, known as postpartum hemorrhage.
Risks for the Baby:
A lacking supply of thyroid hormones can also have detrimental effects on the developing fetus. Some potential risks and complications include:
- Cognitive and developmental delays: Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the development of the baby’s brain. If the thyroid hormone levels are deficient, it can lead to cognitive and developmental delays.
- IQ and learning disabilities: Studies have shown that babies born to mothers with untreated hypothyroidism are more likely to have lower IQ scores and may experience learning disabilities.
- Fetal goiter: In rare cases, if the mother’s hypothyroidism is severe, the baby may develop a condition called fetal goiter, where the thyroid gland becomes enlarged.
It is important for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to seek proper medical care and closely monitor their thyroid hormone levels. With appropriate treatment and management, the risks and complications associated with hypothyroidism during pregnancy can be minimized.
Importance of Thyroid Hormones
The thyroid gland plays a vital role in the overall health and development of a growing fetus and baby during pregnancy. Thyroid hormones are essential for normal brain development, as they help regulate the growth and maturation of the fetal brain.
When the thyroid gland is lacking or deficient in producing enough thyroid hormones, it can have significant impacts on the developing fetus. In severe cases, where thyroid hormones are completely absent, it can result in a condition known as congenital hypothyroidism.
Congenital hypothyroidism is a condition that affects infants from birth and can lead to developmental delays, intellectual disability, and growth problems if left untreated. This highlights the importance of maintaining optimal thyroid function during pregnancy, as it directly impacts the health and development of the expecting baby.
Furthermore, thyroid hormones also play a role in regulating the mother’s metabolism and energy levels during pregnancy. The increased demands of pregnancy require higher levels of thyroid hormones to support the growing fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Therefore, it is crucial for expecting mothers to monitor their thyroid function and address any abnormalities or deficiencies promptly. Regular thyroid function tests, as recommended by healthcare professionals, can help detect any imbalances and provide appropriate treatment to ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Managing Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is crucial for expecting mothers to manage their hypothyroidism properly to ensure the wellbeing of both themselves and their growing baby. Hypothyroidism refers to a deficiency or absent thyroid hormone production in the body, which can have adverse effects on the development of the fetus.
Importance of Thyroid Hormone
Thyroid hormones play a vital role in the development of the fetus, particularly in the growth and maturation of the baby’s brain and nervous system. When the thyroid is lacking or not functioning properly, this crucial hormone may be absent or deficient, potentially leading to complications.
Monitoring and Medication
Expecting mothers with hypothyroidism should work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their thyroid hormone levels throughout the pregnancy. Regular blood tests will help determine if medication adjustments are needed to maintain optimal hormone levels.
Levothyroxine is commonly prescribed to pregnant women with hypothyroidism, as it is safe for use during pregnancy and helps to replace the missing thyroid hormone. The dosage may need to be adjusted as the pregnancy progresses to meet the changing needs of the mother and fetus.
Diet and Nutrition
In addition to medication, pregnant women with hypothyroidism should focus on maintaining a healthy and balanced diet. Foods rich in iodine, selenium, and zinc can help support thyroid function. It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider or dietitian to ensure appropriate dietary choices.
Regular Medical Check-ups
Regular medical check-ups are crucial for monitoring the mother’s thyroid hormone levels and the baby’s growth and development. These appointments provide an opportunity for healthcare professionals to assess the effectiveness of the treatment plan and make any necessary adjustments.
Managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy requires a comprehensive approach that includes medication, diet, and regular monitoring. By working closely with healthcare providers and staying informed, expecting mothers can ensure the optimal health of both themselves and their baby.
Effect of Hypothyroidism on Fetus
When a pregnant woman has hypothyroidism, her baby may be at risk for certain complications. The fetus relies on the mother’s thyroid hormone to support its growth and development. However, if the mother’s thyroid is lacking in hormone production, the growing fetus may experience a deficiency.
A deficiency in thyroid hormone can affect the baby’s brain development, as thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the normal development of the fetal brain. This deficiency can lead to cognitive delays, intellectual disability, and other neurological issues in the baby.
In addition to brain development, a lack of thyroid hormone can also affect the baby’s physical growth. Babies who are exposed to maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy may be smaller in size and have a low birth weight compared to babies without this exposure.
Thyroid hormones are also responsible for regulating the baby’s metabolism. A deficiency in thyroid hormone can lead to a slow metabolism in the developing baby, which can result in sluggishness and fatigue.
It is important for expecting mothers with hypothyroidism to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and ensure that their baby receives the necessary thyroid hormone support. This may involve adjusting medication dosages or closely monitoring thyroid hormone levels throughout the pregnancy.
Overall, it is crucial to address and manage hypothyroidism during pregnancy to minimize the potential impact on the baby’s growth, development, and overall health.
Thyroid Testing during Pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is crucial to monitor thyroid function to ensure both the mother and baby’s health. Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, can cause deficiency in thyroid hormones, which are essential for the baby’s proper development and growth.
Pregnant women should undergo thyroid testing to detect any thyroid abnormalities and address them promptly. Thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, play a critical role in regulating metabolism and brain development in a fetus. If there is a deficit or absent thyroid function, it can have serious consequences for the growing baby.
Early detection of thyroid problems can lead to appropriate treatment, reducing the risks associated with hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Women expecting a baby should work closely with their healthcare provider to ensure regular thyroid testing and monitor levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in particular. TSH levels can indicate if the thyroid is producing enough hormones.
If a pregnant woman has an underactive thyroid and hormones are lacking, the healthcare provider may prescribe thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This treatment can help maintain proper hormone levels in the mother’s body and, consequently, provide the necessary support for the fetus to develop and grow at a healthy rate.
Remember, a fetus relies solely on the mother for its thyroid hormones, so it is essential to address any thyroid deficiencies promptly. Thyroid testing during pregnancy is a vital step in ensuring the well-being of both mother and baby.
| Benefits of Thyroid Testing during Pregnancy: |
|---|
| – Early detection of thyroid abnormalities |
| – Prompt treatment and management of hypothyroidism |
| – Healthy hormone levels for mother and baby |
| – Proper development and growth of the fetus |
Treating Hypothyroidism during Pregnancy
When expecting a baby, it is crucial for a pregnant woman to ensure her thyroid gland functions properly. Hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by a deficiency of thyroid hormones, can have serious consequences for both the mother and the growing fetus.
If left untreated, hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and low birth weight. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor and manage the condition to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Medication
The most common treatment for hypothyroidism during pregnancy is medication. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy, typically in the form of levothyroxine, is used to supplement the lacking hormones. It is important for pregnant women to take the prescribed medication regularly to maintain adequate hormone levels.
It is worth noting that the dosage of medication may need to be adjusted throughout the pregnancy. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to ensure that hormone levels are within the appropriate range.
Diet and Nutritional Support
In addition to medication, pregnant women with hypothyroidism can also benefit from maintaining a healthy diet and receiving nutritional support. Foods rich in iodine, selenium, and zinc can help support thyroid function.
Consulting with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian can be beneficial in ensuring that the diet is balanced and provides the necessary nutrients. In some cases, dietary supplementation may be recommended to address any nutrient deficiencies.
It is essential to note that certain foods and medications can interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication. Therefore, it is crucial to follow the advice of healthcare providers regarding the timing and administration of medication.
In conclusion, treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy is essential to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the growing fetus. Medication, along with a balanced diet and nutritional support, can help manage the condition effectively. Regular monitoring and communication with healthcare providers are crucial throughout the pregnancy to ensure optimal thyroid function and a healthy pregnancy outcome.
Medication Safety for Pregnant Women
During pregnancy, it is important for expecting mothers to be cautious about the medications they take. This is especially true for women who have hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough thyroid hormone. If left untreated, this deficiency can have a negative impact on both the mother and the baby.
When it comes to medication safety, pregnant women with hypothyroidism should communicate with their healthcare provider to discuss the potential risks and benefits of taking thyroid medication. While the thyroid medication is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, it is essential to find the right dosage to maintain thyroid hormone levels within the normal range. This will help ensure a healthy pregnancy and minimize any potential risks.
It is important to note that untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to complications. In severe cases, it can even result in intellectual and developmental disabilities in the baby. Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant women to follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations and take the prescribed medication as directed.
In some cases, a healthcare provider may recommend adjusting the dosage of thyroid medication during pregnancy. This is because the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy can affect the absorption and metabolism of thyroid medication. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to ensure that the dosage is appropriate and to make any necessary adjustments.
Additionally, pregnant women with hypothyroidism should be aware of the potential risks of taking certain medications that may interact with thyroid medication. It is important to inform healthcare providers about all medications being taken, including over-the-counter medications and supplements. Some medications, such as certain antacids and calcium supplements, can interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication and should be taken at least four hours apart.
In conclusion, medication safety is crucial for pregnant women with hypothyroidism. Untreated or inadequately treated hypothyroidism can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. By working closely with healthcare providers, following their recommendations, and being mindful of potential interactions, pregnant women can ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy.
Monitoring Thyroid Levels
During pregnancy, it is important for expecting mothers to have their thyroid levels monitored regularly. This is because an absent or deficient thyroid can have serious implications for both the mother and the growing fetus.
The thyroid is responsible for producing hormones that are essential for normal growth and development. When thyroid levels are not within the normal range during pregnancy, it can lead to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues in the baby.
Importance of Regular Monitoring
Pregnant women with a known thyroid condition or those who are at risk of developing hypothyroidism should have their thyroid levels closely monitored throughout pregnancy. This can help identify any deficiencies or abnormalities early on and allow for appropriate treatment.
Regular monitoring typically involves blood tests to measure the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These tests can provide valuable insights into thyroid function and help healthcare providers make necessary adjustments to medication or treatment plans.
Addressing Thyroid Deficiencies
If an expecting mother is diagnosed with a thyroid deficiency during pregnancy, healthcare providers will work closely with her to address the issue. This may involve adjusting medication dosages, maintaining a healthy diet, and ensuring adequate intake of essential nutrients such as iodine.
Regular follow-up appointments and monitoring of thyroid levels throughout pregnancy will help ensure that the necessary steps are taken to support both the mother and the developing fetus. With proper management, the risks associated with thyroid deficiency can be minimized, allowing for a healthier pregnancy and delivery.
In conclusion, monitoring thyroid levels is crucial for pregnant women, especially those with a history of thyroid issues or a high risk of developing hypothyroidism. By addressing any deficiencies or abnormalities early on, healthcare providers can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and the well-being of both the mother and the baby.
The Role of Thyroid Medication
During pregnancy, it is crucial for the thyroid to function properly as it plays a vital role in the development of the fetus. However, some women may experience hypothyroidism during pregnancy, where their thyroid gland is lacking or absent in producing enough thyroid hormones. This can have adverse effects on the growing baby.
Expecting mothers with thyroid deficiency may be prescribed thyroid medication by their healthcare provider. These medications are designed to supplement the insufficient thyroid hormones and help maintain proper thyroid function throughout pregnancy. They can help prevent complications and ensure the healthy development of the baby.
Thyroid medication works by providing the necessary hormone replacement therapy that the deficient thyroid gland cannot produce. This helps to regulate metabolism, heart rate, and other crucial functions in both the mother and the baby. It is important to take these medications as prescribed and undergo regular monitoring to ensure the appropriate dosage.
Without the proper thyroid medication, the fetal brain development can be negatively affected, leading to cognitive and neurological problems. Additionally, untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can increase the risk of stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, and other pregnancy complications.
Discussing any concerns or symptoms with a healthcare provider is crucial for pregnant women with thyroid deficiency. Proper diagnosis and the right thyroid medication can help manage hypothyroidism and ensure a healthier pregnancy for both the mother and the baby.
Dietary Recommendations for Pregnant Women with Hypothyroidism
Pregnancy is a time of great importance for both the expecting mother and her baby. When a woman has hypothyroidism, her thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones to support the needs of her growing fetus. Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to follow specific dietary recommendations to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
The primary dietary recommendation for pregnant women with hypothyroidism is to consume adequate amounts of iodine. Iodine is a vital mineral that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. It is essential for the normal development of the baby’s brain and nervous system. Pregnant women should include iodine-rich foods in their diet, such as seafood (e.g., fish and seaweed), dairy products, and iodized salt.
In addition to iodine, pregnant women with hypothyroidism should ensure they are getting enough iron. Iron is important for the production of red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body. A lack of iron during pregnancy can lead to anemia and increase the risk of complications. Good sources of iron include lean meats, poultry, beans, and fortified cereals.
Omega-3 fatty acids are also beneficial for pregnant women with hypothyroidism. These essential fatty acids play a crucial role in the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. They can be found in fatty fish, such as salmon and sardines, as well as flaxseeds and walnuts.
Furthermore, pregnant women with hypothyroidism should prioritize consuming a balanced and varied diet. This means including a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in their meals. A balanced diet provides the necessary nutrients for both the mother and the baby.
It is important for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized and nutritionally sound diet plan. The healthcare provider may also recommend taking prenatal vitamins with additional supplementation of certain nutrients, such as iodine and iron, to meet the unique needs of the mother and baby.
The Impact of Postpartum Thyroiditis
In addition to hypothyroidism during pregnancy, some women may also develop a condition known as postpartum thyroiditis after giving birth. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can lead to temporary hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
Postpartum thyroiditis affects approximately 5-10% of women who have recently given birth. The exact cause of this condition is still unknown, but it is thought to be related to the changes in hormone levels that occur during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Symptoms
Postpartum thyroiditis can present with a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Some women may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may have significant symptoms that impact their daily lives. Common symptoms include:
| Lacking energy and feeling tired | Weight gain |
| Mood swings and irritability | Hair loss |
| Difficulty concentrating | Dry skin |
| Anxiety and depression | Constipation |
It is important to note that the symptoms of postpartum thyroiditis can be mistaken for the normal adjustments that come with being a new mother. However, if left untreated, postpartum thyroiditis can have a negative impact on both the mother and the baby.
Impact on the Baby
Untreated postpartum thyroiditis can affect the baby’s growth and development. The thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the baby’s brain development, and any fluctuations in these hormones can have long-term effects. An absent or lacking supply of thyroid hormones can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities in the growing fetus.
If you are expecting a baby or have recently given birth, it is important to monitor your thyroid function and seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of postpartum thyroiditis. With proper treatment and monitoring, the impact of postpartum thyroiditis can be minimized, ensuring the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Postpartum Thyroid Testing
After giving birth, it is important for expecting mothers to undergo postpartum thyroid testing to ensure that their thyroid function is normal. Pregnancy can put additional strain on the thyroid, which may already be lacking in essential nutrients due to the growing fetus.
Postpartum thyroid testing involves measuring the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in the blood. These tests help to evaluate how well the thyroid is functioning after pregnancy. If the thyroid is not producing enough hormones, it can lead to postpartum thyroiditis, a condition that can affect the mother’s health and the baby’s development.
During pregnancy, the baby relies on the mother’s thyroid for the production of thyroid hormones. If there is a deficiency or if the thyroid is absent, it can affect the baby’s growth and development. Postpartum thyroid testing is essential to identify any thyroid problems and to provide appropriate treatment if necessary.
In some cases, postpartum thyroiditis can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and mood swings. These symptoms may be mistaken for typical postpartum changes, but it is important to seek medical advice if they persist or worsen. Thyroid testing can help determine if the symptoms are related to a thyroid issue or if they are simply a result of hormonal changes after pregnancy.
- Postpartum thyroid testing should be done within the first few months after giving birth.
- It is important to follow up with your healthcare provider if you have any concerns or symptoms related to the thyroid.
- Thyroid medication may be prescribed if there is a thyroid deficiency or malfunction.
In conclusion, postpartum thyroid testing is crucial for the well-being of both the mother and the baby. It helps identify any thyroid deficiencies or abnormalities that may be impacting the mother’s health and the baby’s development. If you are experiencing any symptoms or have concerns, it is important to discuss them with your healthcare provider and consider postpartum thyroid testing as part of your overall postnatal care.
Supporting Thyroid Function after Giving Birth
During pregnancy, the fetus depends on the mother’s thyroid hormones for proper development and growth. When a mother has hypothyroidism, this can cause a deficiency or a lack of thyroid hormones, which can negatively affect the baby’s thyroid function.
Postpartum Thyroiditis
After giving birth, some women may experience a condition called postpartum thyroiditis. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to thyroid hormone levels that fluctuate between hyperthyroidism (an excess of thyroid hormones) and hypothyroidism (a deficiency of thyroid hormones).
Postpartum thyroiditis is thought to be an autoimmune condition, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. It typically occurs within the first year after giving birth.
Supporting Thyroid Function
If you have just given birth and are experiencing symptoms of postpartum thyroiditis or are at risk for developing hypothyroidism, there are steps you can take to support your thyroid function:
- Continue taking your prescribed thyroid medication, if applicable, and work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor and adjust your dosage as needed.
- Incorporate foods rich in iodine, such as seaweed, fish, and iodized salt, into your diet. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.
- Eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to support overall thyroid health.
- Consider taking a postnatal multivitamin that includes selenium, zinc, and other nutrients important for thyroid function.
- Get regular exercise to help regulate hormone levels and support overall well-being.
It’s important to consult with your healthcare provider before making any major changes to your diet or exercise routine, especially if you are breastfeeding.
By taking steps to support your thyroid function after giving birth, you can help ensure that both you and your baby have optimal thyroid health.
Postpartum Hypothyroidism Treatment
During pregnancy, the thyroid gland plays a crucial role in growing and developing the fetus. However, after giving birth, some women may experience postpartum hypothyroidism, also known as postpartum thyroiditis.
Postpartum thyroiditis is a condition that affects the thyroid gland, causing it to become inflamed and leading to a deficiency in thyroid hormones. This condition typically begins within the first year after childbirth and can last for several months.
Treatment for postpartum hypothyroidism focuses on replenishing the lacking thyroid hormones to bring the levels back to normal. The treatment options include:
1. Medication
In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help regulate the thyroid hormone levels. Synthetic thyroid hormones, such as levothyroxine, are commonly prescribed to replace the absent hormones and restore normal thyroid function.
2. Monitoring
Regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels is essential to adjust the medication dosage accordingly. Blood tests may be conducted to measure the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
It is important for expecting mothers to consult with their healthcare providers to discuss the appropriate treatment plan for postpartum hypothyroidism. With the right treatment, it is possible to manage the condition and support postpartum recovery.
Importance of Regular Medical Follow-Ups
Regular medical follow-ups during pregnancy are essential for expecting women with hypothyroidism. The thyroid plays a crucial role in the development and growth of the baby, as it produces hormones necessary for proper fetal brain and organ development.
Without regular monitoring and treatment, a woman with hypothyroidism may be lacking in thyroid hormones, which are crucial for the growing fetus. This can lead to a range of complications, including impaired cognitive function, low birth weight, and preterm delivery.
The Absent Thyroid
In some cases, a woman may have an absent or underdeveloped thyroid gland, a condition known as congenital hypothyroidism. Regular medical follow-ups are especially important for these women, as they need to closely monitor their thyroid hormone levels and ensure appropriate treatment.
A Team Effort
The importance of regular medical follow-ups cannot be emphasized enough. It is crucial for women with hypothyroidism to work closely with their healthcare providers to establish a plan for regular monitoring and adjusting medication dosage, if necessary. This team effort ensures that both the mother and the baby receive the necessary care and support throughout the pregnancy.
In conclusion, regular medical follow-ups are of utmost importance for pregnant women with hypothyroidism. By ensuring adequate thyroid hormone levels, the risk of complications can be minimized, and the baby’s development and health can be optimized.