Eating a balanced and nutritious diet is crucial during pregnancy, especially during the second trimester. This is the time when your baby’s growth and development are rapidly taking place, and you need to ensure that you are providing all the necessary nutrients for their optimal health.
During the second trimester, your calorie intake should increase to support the growing needs of both you and your baby. However, it’s important to focus on quality rather than quantity. Incorporating a variety of healthy foods into your diet can help ensure that you meet your nutritional needs.
One key aspect of a healthy pregnancy diet during the second trimester is consuming foods that are rich in essential nutrients like folate, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. Foods such as leafy greens, legumes, lean proteins, dairy products, and fatty fish are excellent sources of these nutrients and should be included in your daily meals.
It’s also essential to pay attention to your eating habits and make sure you have regular, balanced meals throughout the day. This can help avoid dips in energy levels and prevent unhealthy snacking. Opt for smaller, frequent meals that include a mix of carbohydrates, proteins, and healthy fats to keep your blood sugar levels stable and provide sustained energy.
Remember, maintaining a healthy diet during the second trimester is not only beneficial for your own well-being but also for the growth and development of your baby. By making mindful choices and prioritizing nutrition, you can set the foundation for a healthy pregnancy and a smooth delivery.
Essential Nutrients for a Healthy Pregnancy
During the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, it is important to focus on maintaining a balanced intake of essential nutrients. Proper nutrition is crucial for both the mother and the baby’s development. Here are some key nutrients that should be included in the diet:
- Protein: Adequate protein intake is essential for the growth and development of the baby. Good sources of protein include lean meats, poultry, fish, tofu, and dairy products.
- Calcium: Calcium is important for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods are good sources of calcium.
- Folate: Folate, or folic acid, helps prevent certain birth defects and is important for the baby’s brain and spinal cord development. Foods rich in folate include dark leafy greens, beans, peas, and fortified grains.
- Iron: Iron is needed to produce red blood cells and prevent anemia. Good sources of iron include lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and fortified cereals.
- Vitamin D: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium and the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. It can be obtained through sun exposure as well as fortified dairy products and fatty fish.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for the baby’s brain and eye development. They can be found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts.
- Water: Staying hydrated is important during pregnancy. Aim to drink at least eight glasses of water per day.
In addition to these nutrients, it is important to focus on a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider for specific dietary recommendations and to ensure that individual nutritional needs are being met. By eating a nutritious and varied diet, you can help support a healthy pregnancy and the development of your baby.
Importance of Balanced Diet for Expectant Mothers
During pregnancy, maintaining healthy habits and proper nutrition is essential, especially during the 2nd trimester. Expectant mothers need to pay attention to their food intake and make sure they are eating a well-balanced diet.
A balanced diet during pregnancy ensures that the mother and the growing baby get all the necessary nutrients for optimal growth and development. This includes essential vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Proper nutrition during the 2nd trimester helps in managing weight gain, reducing the risk of gestational diabetes, and preventing common pregnancy complications. It also helps in the development of the baby’s organs, bones, and muscles.
Excessive weight gain or inadequate nutrition can lead to health issues for both the mother and the baby. It is crucial to focus on eating nutrient-dense foods and avoiding empty calories. A well-balanced diet consists of a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
Additionally, expectant mothers should stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water and avoiding sugary beverages. They should also limit their caffeine intake and avoid alcohol and certain types of fish that may contain high levels of mercury.
In conclusion, maintaining a balanced diet during pregnancy is crucial for the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. By paying attention to their eating habits and ensuring proper nutrition during the 2nd trimester, expectant mothers can support healthy growth and development, and reduce the risk of complications.
Protein-Rich Foods to Include in Your Diet
During the second trimester of pregnancy, it is important to prioritize your nutrition and maintain healthy eating habits. Adequate protein intake is crucial for the growth and development of your baby, as well as for supporting your own body’s needs during this time.
Including protein-rich foods in your diet can help ensure that you are getting the necessary nutrients for a healthy pregnancy. Here are some protein-rich foods that you can include in your diet:
| Food | Protein Content |
|---|---|
| Lean meats (chicken, turkey, beef) | High in protein and essential amino acids |
| Fish and seafood | Rich in omega-3 fatty acids and high-quality protein |
| Eggs | Good source of protein, vitamins, and minerals |
| Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) | High in protein and calcium |
| Legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas) | Plant-based protein source and rich in fiber |
| Nuts and seeds | Provide protein, healthy fats, and essential minerals |
| Tofu and tempeh | Plant-based protein sources, suitable for vegetarians |
Remember to choose lean sources of protein and vary your protein intake throughout the day to ensure a balanced diet. Consult with your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian for personalized recommendations on the appropriate protein intake for you during the second trimester.
Vitamin-Packed Foods for a Strong Immune System
The intake of vitamins is crucial during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy to support a strong immune system. Including vitamin-packed foods in your diet can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and provide the necessary nutrients for you and your growing baby. Here are some foods that you should consider adding to your daily eating habits:
- 1. Citrus fruits: Oranges, lemons, and grapefruits are rich in vitamin C, which helps boost your immune system and aids in the absorption of iron.
- 2. Leafy greens: Spinach, kale, and broccoli are packed with vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate. These nutrients are essential for the development of your baby’s immune system and overall health.
- 3. Berries: Blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries are loaded with antioxidants and vitamin C, which can help protect cells from damage and boost your immune function.
- 4. Yogurt: This dairy product is a great source of probiotics, which can strengthen your immune system and promote a healthy gut. Look for options that are low in sugar and contain live active cultures.
- 5. Eggs: Eggs are not only a good source of protein but also provide vitamins D and B12. These nutrients are important for immune function and can help support the growth of your baby’s bones.
- 6. Nuts and seeds: Almonds, walnuts, flaxseeds, and chia seeds are packed with essential nutrients such as vitamin E, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids. These nutrients can help support a healthy immune system and promote brain development in your baby.
Remember to consult with your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian before making any significant changes to your diet during pregnancy. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific needs and ensure that you are meeting all the necessary nutritional requirements.
Iron-Rich Foods to Prevent Anemia
Having a healthy diet during the second trimester of pregnancy is crucial for the well-being of both the mother and the baby. Adequate intake of iron-rich foods is particularly important, as it helps prevent anemia, a condition characterized by low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
Iron is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in the production of red blood cells and the transportation of oxygen throughout the body. During pregnancy, the body requires more iron to support the increased blood volume and the needs of the growing baby.
Here are some iron-rich foods that you should include in your diet:
1. Lean red meat: Beef, lamb, and pork are excellent sources of heme iron, which is more easily absorbed by the body compared to non-heme iron found in plant-based foods. Make sure to cook the meat thoroughly to avoid any risk of foodborne illnesses.
2. Poultry: Chicken and turkey are also good sources of heme iron. Remove the skin before cooking to reduce the intake of saturated fats.
3. Fish: Seafood, especially shellfish like oysters and clams, is rich in iron. However, pregnant women should avoid certain types of fish that may contain high levels of mercury, such as shark, swordfish, and king mackerel.
4. Legumes: Beans, lentils, and chickpeas are excellent sources of non-heme iron. Pair them with vitamin C-rich foods like citrus fruits or tomatoes to enhance iron absorption.
5. Spinach and kale: Leafy greens like spinach and kale are not only packed with iron but also provide other essential nutrients like folate and calcium. Include them in salads, soups, or smoothies for a nutritious boost.
6. Fortified cereals: Look for cereals fortified with iron and other essential vitamins and minerals. These can be a convenient way to increase your iron intake, especially if you have specific dietary restrictions.
7. Nuts and seeds: Snack on nuts like almonds and walnuts or sprinkle seeds like pumpkin and sesame on your meals to boost your iron levels. They are also a good source of healthy fats and protein.
Remember, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations regarding your diet and iron intake during the second trimester of pregnancy. Maintaining healthy eating habits and meeting your nutritional needs will help ensure a healthy pregnancy for you and your baby.
Calcium Sources to Support Strong Bones
The intake of calcium is crucial during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Calcium plays a vital role in the development of strong bones and teeth for both the mother and the baby. It is important to maintain a balanced diet rich in calcium-rich foods to ensure proper nutrition during pregnancy.
Eating habits during the second trimester should focus on incorporating calcium-rich foods into the diet. Some excellent sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt. These foods are not only high in calcium but also provide other essential nutrients like protein and vitamin D.
Other sources of calcium that can be included in the diet are leafy green vegetables like kale, spinach, and broccoli. These vegetables are not only rich in calcium but also provide a variety of vitamins and minerals that promote overall health.
Incorporating calcium-rich foods into your diet can be as simple as adding a glass of milk to your meals or including leafy greens in your salads. It is important to be mindful of your calcium intake and adjust your diet accordingly to ensure you are getting enough for both you and your baby.
In conclusion, proper nutrition during the second trimester of pregnancy is essential for the development of strong bones and teeth. By including calcium-rich foods in your diet, you can support the growth and development of your baby while maintaining your own health.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Brain Development
During the second trimester, it is important for pregnant women to pay attention to their diet and ensure they are getting the right nutrients for both themselves and their growing baby. One important nutrient that plays a crucial role in the baby’s brain development is Omega-3 fatty acids.
Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that is commonly found in certain types of food. They are essential for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes, as well as for the overall growth and development of the baby.
The Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Research has shown that Omega-3 fatty acids can have several benefits for the baby’s brain development. They have been found to improve cognitive function, enhance visual development, and promote better motor skills. Moreover, Omega-3 fatty acids have also been linked to a reduced risk of certain developmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder.
Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
To ensure an adequate intake of Omega-3 fatty acids, pregnant women should incorporate foods rich in these essential fatty acids into their diet. Some good sources include:
- Fatty fish (such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel)
- Chia seeds
- Flaxseeds
- Walnuts
- Soybeans
It’s important to note that pregnant women should opt for low-mercury fish to avoid any potential harm to the baby. It is also advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for specific dietary recommendations.
Daily Recommendations
The American Pregnancy Association recommends a daily intake of 200-300 milligrams of Omega-3 fatty acids for pregnant women. This can be achieved through a balanced diet that includes the consumption of foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids.
Overall, including Omega-3 fatty acids in the diet during the second trimester is crucial for the baby’s brain development. It’s important for pregnant women to establish healthy eating habits and prioritize nutrition to support their own health and the health of their growing baby.
Fiber-Rich Foods to Prevent Constipation
During the 2nd trimester, it’s important to focus on eating a well-balanced diet to support a healthy pregnancy. One common issue that many pregnant women experience during this time is constipation. Fortunately, there are several fiber-rich foods that can help prevent and alleviate constipation.
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that is not digested by the body. It adds bulk to the stool and helps it move through the digestive system more easily. Increasing your fiber intake can promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation.
Some excellent sources of fiber to include in your diet during the 2nd trimester include:
- Whole grains: Choose whole wheat bread, brown rice, oats, and quinoa to increase your fiber intake.
- Fruits and vegetables: Incorporate a variety of fruits and vegetables into your meals and snacks. Apples, pears, berries, broccoli, and spinach are especially high in fiber.
- Legumes: Beans, lentils, and chickpeas are not only rich in fiber but also provide important nutrients like iron and folate.
- Nuts and seeds: Snack on almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds for an extra fiber boost.
When increasing your fiber intake, it’s essential to drink plenty of water to help the fiber work effectively. Aim for at least 8-10 glasses of water per day.
In addition to incorporating fiber-rich foods into your diet, it’s important to establish healthy eating habits during the 2nd trimester. Eat smaller, more frequent meals to avoid feeling overly full or bloated. Listen to your body’s hunger and fullness signals, and choose nutrient-dense foods that provide essential vitamins and minerals for both you and your baby.
If you’re still experiencing constipation despite making dietary changes, speak to your healthcare provider. They may be able to recommend additional strategies or provide further guidance to ensure a healthy and comfortable pregnancy.
Note: Always consult your doctor or a healthcare professional before making any changes to your diet or exercise routine during pregnancy.
Importance of Drinking Plenty of Water
During the 2nd trimester, maintaining a healthy diet is crucial for both the mother and the baby. One of the most important habits to develop during this time is ensuring an adequate intake of water.
Water plays a vital role in pregnancy as it helps to keep the body hydrated and flushes out toxins. As the baby grows, the demand for water increases, making it essential for the mother to drink plenty of fluids.
Benefits of Drinking Water during the 2nd Trimester:
- Hydration: Staying hydrated is important for overall health and wellbeing during pregnancy. Drinking enough water can help alleviate common pregnancy symptoms such as constipation, swelling, and overheating.
- Aids Digestion: Proper hydration can support healthy digestion and prevent gastrointestinal discomfort. It helps regulate bowel movements and reduces the risk of constipation.
- Supports Baby’s Development: Water is essential for the development of the baby’s cells, tissues, and organs. It helps maintain the amniotic fluid levels, which act as a protective cushion for the baby.
- Prevents Dehydration: Dehydration during pregnancy can lead to complications such as preterm labor and urinary tract infections. Drinking enough water helps prevent these issues and ensures the mother’s well-being.
It is important to note that water intake can vary for each individual depending on factors such as activity level, climate, and overall health. It is generally recommended for pregnant women to drink at least 8-12 cups of water per day.
In addition to water, pregnant women can also include other fluids such as herbal teas, fresh fruit juices, and milk as part of their hydration routine. However, it is essential to avoid sugary drinks and caffeinated beverages as they can be detrimental to both the mother and the baby’s health.
Overall, maintaining a healthy water intake is crucial during the 2nd trimester to ensure optimal nutrition and support the overall well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Foods to Limit or Avoid During Pregnancy
During the second trimester of pregnancy, it is important to pay close attention to your food intake and nutrition to support your growing baby. While the eating habits you established during the first trimester remain crucial, there are certain foods that you should limit or avoid for the health and well-being of both you and your baby.
High-Mercury Fish
It is recommended to limit the intake of high-mercury fish during pregnancy. Examples of high-mercury fish include shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish. These fish can contain high levels of mercury, which can be harmful to your baby’s developing nervous system.
Raw or Undercooked Seafood
Raw or undercooked seafood, such as sushi or raw oysters, should be avoided during pregnancy. These foods can potentially contain harmful bacteria and parasites that can cause foodborne illnesses like salmonella or listeria.
Unpasteurized Dairy Products
During pregnancy, it is important to avoid unpasteurized dairy products. These include certain types of cheese, milk, and yogurt. Unpasteurized dairy products can contain harmful bacteria such as Listeria, which can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or other serious health complications.
During the second trimester, it is essential to prioritize a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Talk to your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations and guidelines to ensure you and your baby receive the necessary nutrition.
Tips for Managing Food Cravings
Food cravings are a common experience during pregnancy, especially in the second trimester. While it’s okay to give in to your cravings occasionally, it’s important to manage them and maintain a healthy diet for the well-being of both you and your baby.
1. Understand the Cause
It’s important to understand the reason behind your cravings. Cravings can be caused by hormonal changes, nutrient deficiencies, or simply habits developed during pregnancy. By identifying the root cause, you can find healthier alternatives to satisfy your cravings.
2. Focus on Balanced Nutrition
Instead of giving in to unhealthy cravings, focus on eating a well-balanced diet. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your meals. These foods will provide you with essential nutrients and keep you satisfied.
3. Plan Your Meals and Snacks
Planning your meals and snacks can help prevent impulsive eating and keep you on track with your healthy eating goals. Prepare nutritious snacks in advance, such as cut-up fruits, yogurt, or nuts, and have them readily available when cravings strike.
4. Stay Hydrated
Sometimes, what you perceive as a craving for food may actually be a sign of thirst. Make sure to drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay hydrated. If plain water isn’t appealing, try flavored water or herbal teas.
5. Get Enough Sleep
Lack of sleep can lead to increased cravings, especially for sugary and high-calorie foods. Make sure you are getting enough restful sleep each night to help regulate your appetite hormones and reduce cravings.
6. Practice Mindful Eating
Practice mindful eating by paying attention to your hunger and fullness cues. Take your time to enjoy each bite of food, savoring the flavors and textures. This can help you feel more satisfied and reduce the urge to give in to cravings.
7. Find Healthy Substitutes
If you’re craving something specific, try to find a healthier substitute. For example, if you’re craving ice cream, opt for a bowl of Greek yogurt with fresh fruit instead. This way, you can still satisfy your cravings while nourishing your body with beneficial nutrients.
Remember, it’s normal to experience food cravings during pregnancy, but it’s important to manage them in a healthy way. By focusing on balanced nutrition and making mindful choices, you can maintain a healthy diet for both you and your baby during the second trimester.
Healthy Snack Ideas for Expecting Moms
During the second trimester of pregnancy, it’s important for expecting moms to focus on their nutrition and eating habits. Snacking can be a great way to keep up with the increased calorie intake and provide essential nutrients for both mom and baby. Here are some healthy snack ideas for expecting moms:
1. Fresh Fruits and Veggies: Eating a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables can provide a range of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Snack on sliced apples, carrot sticks, or celery with a hummus dip.
2. Greek Yogurt: Greek yogurt is a great source of protein and calcium. Add some fresh berries or a drizzle of honey for a delicious and nutritious snack.
3. Nuts and Seeds: Snacking on nuts and seeds can provide healthy fats, protein, and fiber. Almonds, walnuts, and pumpkin seeds are all good options. Just watch the portion size, as they are calorie-dense.
4. Whole Grain Crackers: Opt for whole grain crackers instead of regular ones for added fiber and nutrients. Pair them with some cheese or avocado for a satisfying snack.
5. Hard-Boiled Eggs: Hard-boiled eggs are an excellent source of protein and can be a convenient snack. Sprinkle some salt and pepper, or have them with whole grain toast.
6. Smoothies: Blend together some fruits, Greek yogurt, and a handful of spinach for a refreshing and nutrient-packed snack. You can use almond milk or coconut water as a base.
7. Trail Mix: Make your own trail mix with a combination of nuts, dried fruits, and a sprinkle of dark chocolate chips. It’s a great snack to satisfy cravings and provide a mix of nutrients.
Remember, maintaining a balanced diet during pregnancy is crucial for the health of both mom and baby. These snack ideas can help ensure you’re getting the necessary nutrients during this important trimester.
Importance of Regular Exercise
While focusing on food intake and nutrition is crucial during pregnancy, regular exercise should not be overlooked. Maintaining a healthy exercise routine can have numerous benefits for both the mother and the baby.
Engaging in regular physical activity during the second trimester can help improve circulation, reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, control weight gain, and alleviate common pregnancy discomforts such as back pain and constipation.
Exercise also helps boost mood and energy levels by releasing endorphins, which can be particularly beneficial for pregnant women who may experience hormonal changes and mood swings.
It is important to note that exercise during pregnancy should be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider, and certain activities should be avoided. Low-impact exercises such as walking, swimming, and prenatal yoga are generally considered safe options. However, high-impact activities or contact sports should be avoided to prevent injury or strain.
| Benefits of Regular Exercise During Pregnancy |
|---|
| Improved circulation |
| Reduced risk of gestational diabetes |
| Controlled weight gain |
| Alleviated back pain and constipation |
| Boosted mood and energy levels |
It is recommended to aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week. However, it is important to listen to your body and not overexert yourself. If you were not physically active before pregnancy, start with shorter durations and gradually increase as your fitness level improves.
Before starting any exercise regimen during pregnancy, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider to ensure that it is safe for you and your baby.
Common Pregnancy Discomforts and Dietary Solutions
Pregnancy is a time of immense changes in a woman’s body, and along with it comes certain discomforts that are commonly experienced. Here are some common discomforts and dietary solutions to help alleviate them:
Morning Sickness
Many women experience morning sickness during their 2nd trimester, which can make it difficult to maintain a healthy diet. It is important to keep eating even if you feel nauseous, as an empty stomach can worsen the symptoms. Try eating small, frequent meals and avoid greasy or spicy foods. Stick to bland, easy-to-digest foods such as crackers, toast, and yogurt that can help settle your stomach.
Heartburn
Heartburn is a common discomfort during pregnancy, especially during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. To alleviate heartburn, try eating smaller meals throughout the day and avoid lying down immediately after eating. Opt for low-acid foods, such as oatmeal, bananas, and lean proteins. It may also help to avoid spicy or fried foods that can trigger heartburn.
Constipation
Constipation is a common issue during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and the pressure of the growing uterus on the intestines. To prevent constipation, it is important to maintain a high-fiber diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Drink plenty of water and incorporate physical activity into your daily routine to help keep your bowels regular.
Food Aversions
During pregnancy, many women experience food aversions, where certain smells or tastes may make them feel nauseous. If you’re having trouble with certain foods, try incorporating alternatives that provide similar nutrients. For example, if you can’t stomach meat, try substituting it with tofu, beans, or lentils for protein intake. It is important to find alternative sources to ensure you are getting all the necessary nutrition for you and your baby.
By being aware of these common pregnancy discomforts and making appropriate dietary adjustments, you can help make your 2nd trimester a more comfortable and enjoyable experience. Remember to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice regarding your diet and nutrition during pregnancy.
Consulting a Healthcare Professional for Personalized Guidance
During the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, it is important to focus on nutrition and maintaining healthy eating habits. However, every woman’s body is unique and may have specific nutritional needs. That’s why it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance regarding your diet during this time.
A healthcare professional, such as a doctor or a registered dietitian, can provide you with expert advice based on your individual needs and circumstances
Why consult a healthcare professional?
- Your healthcare professional can help you assess your current diet and identify any nutritional gaps that need to be addressed
- They can provide recommendations on specific foods to incorporate into your diet to meet your increased nutrient needs during pregnancy
- They can advise you on portion sizes and recommended daily calorie intake to support a healthy pregnancy weight gain
- They can help you manage any specific dietary concerns or restrictions you may have
- They can provide guidance on managing common pregnancy symptoms, such as nausea or heartburn, through dietary modifications
What to expect during a consultation
During a consultation with a healthcare professional, you can expect to discuss your current eating habits and any concerns or questions you may have. They may ask about your typical food intake, dietary preferences, and any food aversions or cravings you are experiencing during the 2nd trimester.
They may also take into account your medical history, including any pre-existing conditions or medications you are taking, to provide appropriate recommendations. This personalized approach ensures that your nutritional needs are met while considering any potential risks or complications.
A healthcare professional can provide you with a customized meal plan or dietary recommendations tailored to your unique needs. They may also provide additional resources or refer you to other specialists, if needed, to support your overall health and well-being during pregnancy.
Remember, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance on nutrition during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. They can provide you with the appropriate support and expertise to help you make informed decisions about your diet and ensure a healthy pregnancy.