Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive and does not produce enough thyroid hormones. It can lead to a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain, and depression. Many women are diagnosed with hypothyroidism during pregnancy, as the body’s needs for thyroid hormones increase.
Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have serious consequences for both the mother and the developing baby. It can increase the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, and low birth weight. In addition, it can affect the baby’s brain development and lead to cognitive and developmental delays.
Managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy is crucial to ensure the health and well-being of both mother and baby. This may involve regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels, adjusting medication dosages, and making certain lifestyle changes. It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider who specializes in thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy to ensure optimal management and care.
If you have been diagnosed with hypothyroidism and are planning to become pregnant or are already pregnant, it is essential to seek medical guidance and support. Your healthcare provider can provide you with the necessary information and resources to manage your condition effectively and ensure a healthy pregnancy and outcome for both you and your baby.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Pregnancy can sometimes cause dysfunction in the thyroid gland, leading to a condition known as hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is characterized by an underactive thyroid, which means that the gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones to support the body’s needs. During pregnancy, hormonal changes can impact the function of the thyroid and increase the risk of developing hypothyroidism.
It is important to manage hypothyroidism during pregnancy as untreated or poorly controlled hypothyroidism can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby. These complications may include miscarriage, preeclampsia, premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues in the baby.
If you have a known history of hypothyroidism or suspect that you may have an underactive thyroid during pregnancy, it is crucial to seek medical attention. Your healthcare provider can perform thyroid function tests to assess your thyroid hormone levels and determine the appropriate treatment plan.
Risks and considerations
Pregnant women with hypothyroidism may require higher doses of thyroid medication to maintain optimal thyroid hormone levels. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is important throughout pregnancy to ensure proper management of hypothyroidism.
Additionally, it is important to note that some medications, including prenatal vitamins that contain iron or calcium supplements, can interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication. Therefore, it is essential to discuss any medications or supplements you are taking with your healthcare provider to determine the best timing and dosing for your thyroid medication.
Managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy
- Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for thyroid medication dosage and frequency.
- Attend regular prenatal check-ups and thyroid function tests to monitor your thyroid hormone levels.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in iodine, which is essential for thyroid health.
- Avoid foods and medications that may interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication.
- Inform your healthcare provider about any symptoms or changes in your condition.
- Work closely with your healthcare team to ensure the best outcomes for both you and your baby.
By properly managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy, you can reduce the potential risks and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery for both you and your baby.
Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy
A common thyroid disorder that can occur during pregnancy is underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism. The thyroid is a small gland located in the neck that produces hormones essential for metabolism and overall health. During pregnancy, the hormones produced by the thyroid play a crucial role in the development of the baby.
In some cases, thyroid dysfunction can occur during pregnancy, leading to an underactive thyroid. This can cause a range of symptoms and health complications for both the mother and the baby. It is important for pregnant women to be aware of the potential risks and to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage and monitor their thyroid health.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Common symptoms of hypothyroidism during pregnancy include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and feeling cold. These symptoms can be easily overlooked as they can also be attributed to the normal changes that occur during pregnancy. However, it is important for pregnant women to pay attention to these symptoms and discuss them with their healthcare provider.
Impact on the baby
Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, if left untreated, can have a negative impact on the baby’s development and overall health. In severe cases, it can lead to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and complications during childbirth.
It is important for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to receive appropriate treatment and to have regular monitoring of their thyroid levels. This may involve taking medication to regulate thyroid function and adjusting the dosage as needed throughout the pregnancy.
Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, specifically underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism, can have significant implications for both the mother and the baby. It is important for pregnant women to be aware of the potential risks and to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their thyroid health. Regular monitoring and appropriate treatment can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.
Underactive thyroid during pregnancy
Pregnancy can have a significant impact on the function of the thyroid gland. Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy can cause the thyroid to become underactive, leading to a condition known as hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have serious implications, both for the mother and the developing baby. It is important for pregnant women to be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with an underactive thyroid.
Symptoms of underactive thyroid during pregnancy
- Extreme fatigue and tiredness
- Weight gain
- Depression
- Dry skin
- Constipation
- Feeling cold all the time
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms during pregnancy, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider. They can perform a blood test to check your thyroid levels and determine if you have hypothyroidism.
Risks of underactive thyroid during pregnancy
Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can increase the risk of complications, including:
- Preterm birth
- Low birth weight
- Preeclampsia
- Miscarriage
- Developmental delays in the baby
To minimize these risks, it is important for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to receive proper treatment. This may involve taking thyroid hormone replacement medication to bring thyroid levels back to normal.
In conclusion, an underactive thyroid during pregnancy, or hypothyroidism, can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby. It is vital for pregnant women to be aware of the symptoms and risks associated with this condition and to seek appropriate medical care to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Causes of hypothyroidism in pregnancy
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland, located in the neck, is underactive and does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This condition can occur during pregnancy due to various factors.
Hormonal dysfunction
Pregnancy involves significant hormonal changes in a woman’s body. These changes can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism. The hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy can cause the thyroid gland to become less effective in producing hormones, resulting in an underactive thyroid.
Autoimmune disorders
Autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, can also cause hypothyroidism during pregnancy. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to its dysfunction and inadequate hormone production.
It is important for pregnant women to be aware of the potential causes of hypothyroidism and to undergo regular thyroid testing to ensure optimal thyroid function for both the mother and the developing baby.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy refers to an underactive thyroid during this crucial period. When the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormones, it can result in a dysfunction that affects both the mother and the unborn baby.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism during pregnancy may vary from woman to woman. Some common signs to look out for include:
- Extreme fatigue: Feeling tired and exhausted even after sufficient rest.
- Weight gain: Unexplained weight gain or difficulty in losing weight despite a healthy diet and exercise.
- Dry skin and hair: Skin becomes dry and hair may become brittle and break easily.
- Cold intolerance: Feeling cold even in warm environments.
- Muscle aches and weakness: Experiencing muscle pain and weakness.
- Depression and mood swings: Feeling sad, low, or experiencing frequent mood swings.
- Constipation: Difficulty in passing stools regularly.
- Irregular periods: Changes in menstrual cycle or difficulty in conceiving.
- Puffy face: Swelling or puffiness in the face, especially around the eyes.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider. Proper diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy is crucial for the well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Risks of untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Untreated hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, during pregnancy can pose several risks to both the mother and the developing fetus. The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development, and any dysfunction during pregnancy can have serious consequences.
Here are some of the risks associated with untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy:
| Increased risk of miscarriage | Untreated hypothyroidism can increase the risk of miscarriage, especially during the early stages of pregnancy. The hormonal imbalances caused by an underactive thyroid can interfere with embryo implantation and development, leading to pregnancy loss. |
| Preterm birth | Women with untreated hypothyroidism are at a higher risk of giving birth prematurely. The thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the development of the fetus, and insufficient levels can result in the baby being born earlier than expected. |
| Pregnancy complications | Untreated hypothyroidism can increase the risk of various pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and placental abruption. These conditions can have serious implications for both the mother and the baby. |
| Impaired cognitive development | The developing fetus relies on the mother’s thyroid hormones for proper brain development. Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can result in impaired cognitive development and intellectual disabilities in the baby. |
| Low birth weight | Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to inadequate fetal growth, resulting in a low birth weight. Babies born with a low birth weight are at an increased risk of various health problems and developmental delays. |
It is crucial for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to receive proper medical treatment and monitoring. Regular thyroid function tests and appropriate medication adjustments can help prevent these risks and ensure a healthier pregnancy for both the mother and the baby.
Diagnosing hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine dysfunction that can affect women during pregnancy. The thyroid plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and hormone levels, and when it is not functioning properly, it can have serious implications for both the mother and the developing baby.
During pregnancy, the body undergoes a number of changes, including an increase in blood volume and changes in hormone levels. These changes can put additional strain on the thyroid, and if it is already functioning at a suboptimal level, it may not be able to meet the increased demands.
Diagnosing hypothyroidism during pregnancy requires a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. The symptoms of hypothyroidism can be subtle and easily attributed to the normal changes associated with pregnancy, so it is important for healthcare providers to be vigilant and proactive in screening for this condition.
Clinical evaluation
During routine prenatal visits, healthcare providers will ask about any symptoms that may be indicative of hypothyroidism. These symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, depression, and constipation.
In addition to asking about symptoms, healthcare providers will also perform a physical examination to look for signs of hypothyroidism, such as dry skin, puffy face, and swelling around the ankles.
Laboratory testing
Laboratory testing is the most reliable method for diagnosing hypothyroidism during pregnancy. The two main tests used for this purpose are:
- The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This blood test measures the levels of TSH, which is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid to produce hormones. In hypothyroidism, the TSH levels are typically elevated.
- The free thyroxine (FT4) test: This blood test measures the levels of FT4, which is the active form of the thyroid hormone. In hypothyroidism, the FT4 levels are typically low.
In some cases, additional tests may be ordered, such as an ultrasound or a thyroid antibody test, to further evaluate the function of the thyroid and to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.
If hypothyroidism is diagnosed during pregnancy, it is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor the thyroid hormone levels and to adjust medication if necessary. Proper management of hypothyroidism can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.
Treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy
When it comes to treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy, the primary goal is to maintain optimal thyroid function for both the mother and the developing baby. Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, can cause dysfunction in various bodily systems and can have serious consequences for both the mother and the baby if left untreated.
The treatment of hypothyroidism during pregnancy typically involves hormone replacement therapy. Synthetic thyroid hormones, such as levothyroxine, are commonly prescribed to restore normal thyroid function. These medications are safe for use during pregnancy and have been shown to effectively manage hypothyroidism.
In addition to medication, regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels is crucial during pregnancy. This allows healthcare providers to adjust the dosage of medication as needed to ensure that thyroid hormone levels remain within the optimal range. The frequency of monitoring may vary depending on the severity of the hypothyroidism and the individual needs of the mother.
Pregnant women with hypothyroidism may also be advised to take certain precautions to optimize their thyroid health. These may include avoiding certain medications or supplements that can interfere with thyroid function, ensuring a balanced diet with sufficient iodine, and managing stress levels.
In some cases, hypothyroidism during pregnancy may require more intensive management. In these instances, additional treatments, such as thyroid hormone injections, may be necessary. It is important for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to work closely with their healthcare providers to ensure that their treatment plan is tailored to their specific needs.
| Key Points: |
|---|
| – Hormone replacement therapy is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism during pregnancy. |
| – Regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels is important to ensure optimal thyroid function. |
| – Precautions, such as avoiding certain medications and managing stress levels, may be recommended to optimize thyroid health. |
| – In some cases, more intensive management, such as thyroid hormone injections, may be necessary. |
Medication options for hypothyroidism during pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is important to manage thyroid health, especially if you have an underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism. Maintaining proper thyroid hormone levels is crucial for the development of your baby.
Levothyroxine is the most commonly prescribed medication for hypothyroidism during pregnancy. It is a synthetic form of thyroid hormone that helps replace what your body is not producing enough of. Your doctor will carefully monitor your thyroid hormone levels and adjust the dosage as needed throughout your pregnancy.
Benefits of levothyroxine:
- Helps ensure proper brain development in the baby
- Reduces the risk of miscarriage and preterm birth
- Improves maternal and fetal outcomes
Risks of not treating hypothyroidism during pregnancy:
- Inadequate brain development in the baby
- Increased risk of miscarriage and preterm birth
- Development of preeclampsia
Dosage adjustments may be necessary throughout pregnancy as hormone levels change. It is important to work closely with your healthcare provider to ensure optimal thyroid hormone levels for both you and your baby.
Note: It is important to take your medication consistently and as prescribed. Do not stop or adjust your medication without consulting your healthcare provider.
Regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels with blood tests is also essential to ensure that the dose of medication is appropriate for your needs. Your healthcare provider will determine the frequency of these tests.
In conclusion, managing thyroid health during pregnancy is crucial for the well-being and development of both the mother and the baby. Levothyroxine is the most commonly prescribed medication for hypothyroidism during pregnancy, and with proper management and monitoring, it can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Monitoring hypothyroidism during pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is important to closely monitor hypothyroidism, which is an underactive thyroid gland. Thyroid dysfunction can have significant effects on both the mother and the developing baby.
The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating the body’s metabolism, producing hormones that help control heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. When the thyroid gland is not functioning properly, it can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications.
For pregnant women with hypothyroidism, regular monitoring of thyroid levels is essential. This typically involves measuring levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in the blood. These tests can help determine if medication dosage adjustments are needed to ensure that thyroid function remains within the optimal range throughout pregnancy.
In addition to blood tests, regular monitoring of symptoms is also important. Symptoms of hypothyroidism can be subtle and easily mistaken for normal changes that occur during pregnancy, such as fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. However, if left untreated, hypothyroidism can increase the risk of complications, including preeclampsia, premature birth, and developmental delays in the baby.
| Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism during pregnancy: |
|---|
| Fatigue |
| Weight gain |
| Constipation |
| Depression |
| Impaired memory and concentration |
| Puffy face, hands, and feet |
| Slow heart rate |
| Low body temperature |
| Difficulty getting pregnant |
If any of these symptoms are experienced, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing. Prompt diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal outcomes for both mother and baby.
Diet and lifestyle changes for managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy
When a woman is pregnant, it is important for her to take special care of her health, especially if she is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland that leads to lower levels of thyroid hormones in the body. This condition can affect the woman’s overall health, as well as the health of her unborn baby.
The role of diet in managing hypothyroidism
A healthy diet plays a crucial role in managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy. It is essential for the woman to consume a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods. Some key nutrients that can help support thyroid function include:
- Iodine: Iodine is an essential mineral that is needed for the production of thyroid hormones. Good sources of iodine include seafood, iodized salt, and dairy products.
- Selenium: Selenium is another important mineral that helps convert thyroid hormones into their active form. Good sources of selenium include Brazil nuts, seafood, and whole grains.
- Iron: Iron deficiency can worsen the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Women should include iron-rich foods such as lean meats, leafy greens, and legumes in their diet.
Lifestyle changes to support thyroid health
In addition to a healthy diet, there are some lifestyle changes that can help support thyroid health during pregnancy:
- Regular exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity can help improve thyroid function and boost overall health. Pregnant women should aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on most days of the week, with their healthcare provider’s approval.
- Stress management: Chronic stress can negatively impact thyroid function. Pregnant women should practice stress-reducing techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and yoga.
- Avoiding environmental toxins: Exposure to certain toxins can disrupt thyroid function. Pregnant women should try to minimize their exposure to environmental pollutants and chemicals, such as cigarette smoke and certain cleaning products.
By making these diet and lifestyle changes, women with hypothyroidism can effectively manage their condition and support the health of both themselves and their baby during pregnancy.
Effects of hypothyroidism on fetal development
Hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by dysfunction of the thyroid gland, can have significant effects on fetal development when occurring during pregnancy. The thyroid plays a crucial role in the production of hormones that are necessary for proper fetal growth and development.
When a pregnant woman’s thyroid is not functioning properly due to hypothyroidism, it can lead to various complications for the developing fetus.
Impaired brain development
The thyroid hormones produced by the mother’s thyroid gland are essential for normal brain development in the fetus. When there is insufficient thyroid hormone supply due to hypothyroidism, it can result in impaired cognitive function and intellectual disability in the child. This can have long-lasting effects on the child’s education and overall quality of life.
Increased risk of birth defects
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of birth defects in the fetus. These defects can involve the heart, brain, and other vital organs. It is crucial for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to closely monitor their thyroid hormone levels and work closely with their healthcare providers to ensure the best possible outcomes for the baby.
In summary, hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have significant effects on fetal development. It is important for pregnant women with hypothyroidism to receive appropriate medical care and monitoring to minimize the risks and ensure the best possible outcomes for both mother and baby.
Preventing hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Hypothyroidism, a thyroid dysfunction characterized by an underactive thyroid gland, can have serious implications for both the mother and developing baby during pregnancy. It is important for pregnant women to take steps to prevent hypothyroidism and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle
One of the most effective ways to prevent hypothyroidism during pregnancy is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, getting regular exercise, and managing stress levels. These lifestyle factors can help support proper thyroid function and overall health.
Monitor thyroid levels
During pregnancy, it is crucial to monitor thyroid levels regularly to catch any potential thyroid dysfunction early on. This can be done through blood tests that measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels. If levels are abnormal, appropriate treatment can be initiated promptly to prevent hypothyroidism.
In conclusion, preventing hypothyroidism during pregnancy is essential for the well-being of the mother and baby. By maintaining a healthy lifestyle and monitoring thyroid levels, pregnant women can minimize the risk of developing hypothyroidism and ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Complications of hypothyroidism during pregnancy
Hypothyroidism, also known as underactive thyroid, is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This can lead to various complications during pregnancy.
Increased risk of miscarriage
Women with hypothyroidism have an increased risk of miscarriage compared to women without the condition. The hormonal imbalance can affect the development of the fetus and increase the likelihood of pregnancy loss.
Preterm birth
Untreated or poorly controlled hypothyroidism during pregnancy can increase the risk of preterm birth. The baby may be born before reaching full term, which can lead to various health issues and developmental delays.
Additionally, hypothyroidism can cause complications during labor and delivery, such as prolonged labor or difficulties in pushing the baby out.
Developmental issues in the baby
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can affect the baby’s brain development and lead to intellectual and developmental delays. The thyroid hormones play a crucial role in the growth and development of the baby’s brain, and a deficiency can have long-term consequences.
It is important for pregnant women to manage their hypothyroidism and work closely with their healthcare provider to ensure optimal thyroid function during pregnancy.
Complications can be minimized with proper medication, regular monitoring of thyroid hormone levels, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It is crucial to take the prescribed medication as directed and attend all prenatal appointments to keep the hypothyroidism under control.
Managing hypothyroidism post-pregnancy
During pregnancy, the thyroid gland may become underactive, resulting in a condition known as hypothyroidism. This can occur due to the hormonal changes that take place in the body during this time. Hypothyroidism is characterized by decreased production of thyroid hormones, which play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and other bodily functions.
After giving birth, it is important for women with hypothyroidism to continue managing their condition to ensure their overall health. Here are some important steps to take:
Talk to your healthcare provider
As soon as possible after giving birth, it is important to schedule a follow-up appointment with your healthcare provider to discuss your thyroid function. Your provider will likely order blood tests to monitor your hormone levels and determine if any adjustments to your medication are necessary. It is important to be open and honest about any symptoms or concerns you may have.
Continue taking your medication
If you were on thyroid medication during pregnancy, it is important to continue taking your medication as prescribed. Your healthcare provider will likely monitor your hormone levels regularly and may adjust your dosage if needed. It is important to comply with their recommendations to ensure optimal thyroid function.
Eat a healthy diet
A healthy diet is important for overall well-being and can support thyroid function. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your diet. Limit processed foods, sugary snacks, and excessive caffeine intake, as they can negatively affect thyroid function.
Get regular exercise
Regular exercise can support a healthy thyroid and overall well-being. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week, spread across several days. Consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new exercise routine.
Managing hypothyroidism post-pregnancy is crucial for maintaining optimal thyroid function and overall health. By following these steps and staying in close contact with your healthcare provider, you can effectively manage your condition and enjoy a healthy life.
Importance of regular thyroid function testing during and after pregnancy
Thyroid dysfunction, specifically underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism, is a common condition that can occur during pregnancy. It is important for pregnant women to have regular thyroid function testing to monitor their thyroid levels and ensure that they are within a healthy range.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have significant implications for both the mother and the developing baby. Untreated or poorly managed hypothyroidism can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, miscarriage, premature birth, and developmental issues in the baby. Therefore, regular thyroid function testing is essential to detect any abnormalities and ensure timely treatment.
During pregnancy, the hormonal changes can affect the thyroid gland and its function. The production of thyroid hormones may increase to meet the higher demands of the body, and some women may develop temporary thyroid dysfunction, known as gestational hypothyroidism. Regular thyroid function testing can help identify any changes in thyroid function and guide appropriate management.
After pregnancy, thyroid function testing remains important as the thyroid gland may continue to be affected. Postpartum thyroiditis is a condition that can occur in some women after giving birth, leading to temporary thyroid dysfunction. Regular monitoring can help identify and manage any thyroid issues that arise during this postpartum period.
In conclusion, regular thyroid function testing during and after pregnancy is crucial to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. It allows for early detection and appropriate management of any thyroid dysfunction, reducing the risk of complications and promoting a healthy pregnancy and postpartum period.