During pregnancy, a woman’s nutritional needs increase significantly. It is crucial for expectant mothers to consume the best prenatal vitamins to ensure optimal health for both themselves and their developing babies. While a balanced diet is important, supplements can provide superior levels of essential nutrients that may be lacking in a regular diet.
When it comes to choosing the best prenatal vitamins, there are several factors to consider. It is essential to look for supplements that contain the top nutrients needed during pregnancy, such as folic acid, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. These nutrients play a crucial role in the development of the baby’s brain, bones, and overall growth.
Additionally, the best prenatal vitamins should be specifically formulated to meet the unique nutritional needs of expectant mothers. They should provide the optimal levels of vitamins and minerals required during pregnancy, while also considering factors such as iron absorption and digestive comfort. It is also advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations based on individual needs.
Top Prenatal Supplements
During pregnancy, it is crucial for expectant mothers to ensure they are getting the optimal nutrients for both their own health and the development of their baby. Prenatal vitamins are a superior option designed specifically for pregnant women, providing essential vitamins and minerals that may be lacking in a regular diet.
Here are some of the best prenatal supplements that are recommended for expectant mothers:
1. Folic Acid
Folic acid is one of the most important nutrients for pregnant women. It helps in the formation of the baby’s neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord. Taking folic acid during early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects in babies.
2. Iron
Iron is another crucial nutrient for pregnant women. It helps in the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the baby and prevents anemia in the mother. Iron is important for the growth and development of the baby and can help prevent preterm birth and low birth weight.
3. Calcium
Calcium is essential for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. It also helps in the proper functioning of the nerves, muscles, and heart. Pregnant women need to ensure they are getting enough calcium to support the growth of their baby and maintain their own bone health.
4. Vitamin D
Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are important for bone health. It also plays a role in the development of the baby’s immune system and may help prevent conditions such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes.
5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are important for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. They also have anti-inflammatory properties that can benefit both the mother and baby. Omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained from fish oil supplements or from foods such as fatty fish.
While it is important to get these nutrients through a well-balanced diet, prenatal supplements can provide an extra boost to ensure that expectant mothers are meeting their nutritional needs. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements during pregnancy.
Essential Nutrients for Expectant Mothers
During pregnancy, it is important for expectant mothers to consume a variety of essential nutrients to support optimal health for themselves and their growing baby. These top nutrients are crucial for the mother’s well-being and for the baby’s development.
Prenatal Vitamins
Prenatal vitamins are specifically formulated to provide superior nutrition for pregnant women. They contain essential vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, iron, calcium, and vitamin D, which are important for the development of the baby’s brain, bones, and overall growth. Taking prenatal vitamins on a daily basis can help ensure that both the mother and baby receive the necessary nutrients.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. These healthy fats can be found in fatty fish like salmon and sardines, as well as in walnuts and flaxseeds. During pregnancy, it is important to include these sources of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet or consider taking fish oil supplements to meet the increased demand for these nutrients.
Overall, maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products can provide the necessary nutrients for expectant mothers. However, in some cases, supplements may be recommended to fill any nutritional gaps and ensure the best health outcomes for both the mother and baby.
Superior Vitamins for Pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is important for expectant mothers to ensure they are getting the best vitamins and nutrients for both their own health and the optimal development of their baby. Prenatal vitamins are a crucial part of a healthy pregnancy routine, providing key nutrients that may be lacking in a woman’s regular diet.
The Top Vitamins for Pregnancy
There are several vitamins that are considered essential for pregnant women. These vitamins play a vital role in the development of the baby and the overall health of the mother.
- Folic Acid: Folic acid is one of the most important vitamins for pregnant women. It helps in preventing birth defects, particularly related to the baby’s brain and spine.
- Iron: Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body’s cells. During pregnancy, the body requires more iron to support the growth and development of the baby.
- Calcium: Calcium is necessary for the formation of the baby’s bones and teeth. It also helps in maintaining the mother’s bone health during pregnancy.
- Vitamin D: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium and the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. It also aids in the regulation of the mother’s immune system.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, such as DHA and EPA, play a crucial role in the baby’s brain and eye development. They also support the mother’s overall well-being.
Choosing the Best Prenatal Vitamins
When selecting a prenatal vitamin, it is important to choose a high-quality option that provides the necessary nutrients in the correct doses. Look for a vitamin that contains the recommended amounts of folic acid, iron, calcium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Consult with your healthcare provider to determine the specific prenatal vitamin that is best for you. They will consider your individual needs and may recommend additional supplements based on your diet and health.
Remember, prenatal vitamins are not a replacement for a healthy diet. It is important to eat a well-balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to ensure you are getting all the necessary nutrients for a healthy pregnancy.
Key Vitamins for the Health of Mother and Baby
During pregnancy, expectant mothers need optimal nutrients for both their own health and the development of their baby. Prenatal vitamins play a crucial role in providing the superior nutrition necessary for a healthy pregnancy.
Top Prenatal Vitamins
Choosing the best prenatal vitamins is essential to ensure that both mother and baby receive the necessary vitamins and minerals. These vitamins are specifically designed for pregnant women and provide the optimal levels of nutrients needed during pregnancy.
Superior Nutrients for Pregnancy
Some of the key vitamins that are important for the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy include:
- Iron: Iron is crucial during pregnancy as it helps in the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the baby. It also prevents anemia in the mother.
- Folic Acid: Folic acid is vital for the development of the baby’s neural tube, which eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord. It helps in reducing the risk of neural tube defects.
- Calcium: Calcium is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth in the baby. It also helps in maintaining the mother’s bone health.
- Vitamin D: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, both of which are essential for bone development in the baby.
- Vitamin C: Vitamin C supports the development of the baby’s immune system and helps in the absorption of iron.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids help in the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. They also promote proper growth and development.
It is crucial for expectant mothers to consult their healthcare providers to determine the best prenatal vitamins that suit their individual needs. Taking these vitamins regularly during pregnancy ensures the optimal health of both mother and baby.
Importance of Prenatal Vitamins
During pregnancy, expectant mothers have a superior need for optimal nutrition to support the development of their growing baby. While a healthy diet is important, it may not always provide all the necessary nutrients that both the mother and baby need. This is where prenatal vitamins come in, as they are specifically formulated to provide the essential vitamins and minerals required for a healthy pregnancy.
Prenatal supplements are considered the top choice for pregnant women as they provide a concentrated dose of key nutrients. These supplements often contain higher levels of vitamins such as folate, iron, and calcium, which are crucial for the developing baby’s growth and the mother’s overall health.
Top Nutrients in Prenatal Vitamins
The best prenatal vitamins are those that contain a variety of nutrients crucial for both the mother and baby. Some of the most important nutrients found in prenatal vitamins include:
- Folate: Essential for preventing birth defects and promoting proper brain and spinal cord development.
- Iron: Helps prevent anemia in the mother and promotes the healthy development of the baby.
- Calcium: Supports the baby’s bone development and helps maintain the mother’s bone health.
- Vitamin D: Aids in the absorption of calcium and supports the baby’s bone and teeth formation.
- Iodine: Important for the baby’s brain development and the mother’s thyroid health.
- DHA: An omega-3 fatty acid that is crucial for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes.
By taking prenatal vitamins, expectant mothers can ensure that they are providing their bodies with the necessary nutrients for a healthy pregnancy. However, it is always important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements to determine the right dosage and address any specific concerns or allergies.
Choosing the Right Prenatal Supplement
During pregnancy, expectant mothers need to ensure they are getting the optimal nutrients for both their own health and the health of their unborn baby. While a balanced diet is important, it can be challenging to obtain all the necessary vitamins and minerals solely through food. That’s where prenatal supplements come in, providing an extra boost of essential nutrients.
The need for prenatal supplements
Pregnancy puts increased demands on a woman’s body, and certain nutrients are especially important during this time to support both maternal and fetal health. Prenatal supplements are specifically formulated to provide these nutrients in the recommended amounts.
Top nutrients for pregnancy include:
- Folic acid: Helps prevent birth defects of the baby’s brain and spine.
- Iron: Necessary for the production of red blood cells and to prevent anemia.
- Calcium: Supports healthy development of the baby’s bones and teeth.
- Vitamin D: Helps the body absorb calcium and promotes bone health.
- Omega-3 fatty acids: Essential for the baby’s brain and eye development.
- Iodine: Important for the production of thyroid hormones, which are crucial for the baby’s brain development.
Choosing the best prenatal supplement
When it comes to choosing a prenatal supplement, not all are created equal. It’s important to look for a superior quality product that provides the right amount and form of nutrients. Here are some tips for selecting the best prenatal supplement:
- Consult with your healthcare provider: Your healthcare provider can recommend a specific prenatal supplement based on your individual needs.
- Look for reputable brands: Opt for trusted brands that have a good reputation for producing high-quality prenatal supplements.
- Check the label: Look for a supplement that contains the optimal levels of key nutrients and is free of unnecessary additives.
- Consider your diet: If you have any dietary restrictions or follow a specific eating plan, make sure the prenatal supplement aligns with your needs.
- Read reviews: Take the time to read reviews from other expectant mothers to get an idea of their experiences with different prenatal supplements.
By choosing the right prenatal supplement, you can ensure you are giving yourself and your baby the best possible start for a healthy pregnancy and beyond.
Vitamins for Fetal Development
Pregnancy is a crucial time for expectant mothers, as they need to ensure they are getting the optimal nutrients for their own health and the development of their baby. One of the top priorities during pregnancy is providing the baby with the necessary vitamins for proper fetal development.
There are several superior vitamins that are recommended for pregnant women to take during their prenatal period. These vitamins play a crucial role in supporting the growth and development of the baby:
- Folic Acid: Folic acid is considered one of the best vitamins for fetal development. It helps in the formation of the baby’s neural tube and prevents birth defects of the brain and spine.
- Iron: Iron is essential for both the mother and the baby. It helps in the production of red blood cells and prevents anemia. Iron also aids in the development of the baby’s brain and muscles.
- Calcium: Calcium is essential for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. It also helps in the proper functioning of the muscles and nerves.
- Vitamin D: Vitamin D is important for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are crucial for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth.
- DHA: DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid, is vital for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. It is important for the expectant mother to include sources of DHA in her diet or take supplements.
It is important for expectant mothers to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the optimal dosage and duration of taking these vitamins and supplements. Taking the best vitamins during pregnancy can help ensure the proper development of the baby and the overall health of the mother.
Antioxidants for a Healthy Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a crucial time in a woman’s life, and ensuring optimal health for both the mother and the baby is of utmost importance. Prenatal vitamins are considered the best supplements during pregnancy, providing expectant mothers with the necessary nutrients for a healthy development. However, one nutrient group that often goes unnoticed but is equally essential for a healthy pregnancy is antioxidants.
The Importance of Antioxidants
Antioxidants are powerful compounds that help protect the body’s cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. During pregnancy, the body experiences increased oxidative stress, making it necessary to have a sufficient supply of antioxidants to counteract this damage.
Antioxidants not only protect the mother’s body but also play a crucial role in the development of the baby. They help prevent birth defects, boost the immune system, and support the baby’s brain and organ development.
Top Antioxidants for Expectant Mothers
While there are many antioxidants available, several stand out as the best for pregnant women:
Vitamin C: This antioxidant is essential for collagen production, healthy skin, and the absorption of iron. It also helps boost the immune system and aids in the development of the baby’s bones and teeth.
Vitamin E: Vitamin E protects cell membranes from damage and works in synergy with vitamin C. It is crucial for healthy placenta development and promotes optimal blood circulation to support the growing baby.
Beta-carotene: Found in colorful fruits and vegetables, beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the body. It supports healthy vision, growth, and development of the baby, as well as strengthens the expectant mother’s immune system.
Selenium: This trace mineral acts as an antioxidant and aids in the production of healthy thyroid hormones. It supports the baby’s brain development and helps protect against oxidative stress.
Flavonoids: Flavonoids are phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. They have antioxidant properties and help reduce inflammation, lower the risk of pregnancy complications, and promote overall maternal well-being.
Choosing the Right Supplements
While it’s best to obtain antioxidants from a balanced diet, some expectant mothers may need additional support through supplements. When selecting prenatal vitamins, look for those that contain a blend of superior antioxidants to ensure you are getting the right amounts. Discuss with your healthcare provider to determine the optimal supplements for your specific needs.
Overall, incorporating antioxidants into your prenatal routine can help promote a healthy pregnancy and support the well-being of both you and your baby.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Maternal and Infant Health
During pregnancy, it is important for expectant mothers to consume the best prenatal vitamins and supplements to ensure optimal health for both themselves and their babies. Omega-3 fatty acids are widely recognized as one of the superior nutrients for pregnant women.
Omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are essential for the growth and development of the fetus. These fatty acids are crucial for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes.
The Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids During Pregnancy:
1. Brain Development: DHA is a major component of the brain. Supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy can support the baby’s brain development and cognitive function.
2. Eye Health: DHA is also an important structural component of the retina. Adequate intake of omega-3 fatty acids can help promote healthy visual development in infants.
3. Reduced Risk of Preterm Birth: Studies have suggested that omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of preterm birth, which is associated with various long-term health complications for the baby.
4. Decreased Risk of Allergies: Some research has shown that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy may help reduce the risk of allergies in infants, such as asthma and eczema.
5. Improved Mood and Mental Health: Omega-3 fatty acids have been linked to improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression. Taking omega-3 supplements during pregnancy may help support mental well-being for expectant mothers.
Food Sources and Supplements:
Omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained through both food sources and supplements. Fatty fish, such as salmon, sardines, and trout, are rich sources of omega-3s. Other plant-based sources include chia seeds, flaxseeds, and walnuts.
However, it can be challenging to obtain sufficient amounts of omega-3s through diet alone. In such cases, omega-3 supplements, specifically those derived from fish oil, can be a convenient and reliable source of these essential fats for pregnant women.
A balanced and nutritious diet, along with the inclusion of omega-3 fatty acids, is crucial for the overall well-being of expectant mothers and optimal development of their babies.
Iron and Calcium for Prenatal Health
Iron and calcium are two of the most superior nutrients expectant mothers need in increased quantities during pregnancy. These top prenatal vitamins and supplements are essential for optimal health for both the mother and the growing baby.
Iron plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. During pregnancy, a woman’s blood volume expands significantly, so it’s important to ensure an adequate intake of iron to support this increased demand. Iron deficiency during pregnancy can lead to anemia, fatigue, and other complications.
Calcium is another essential nutrient that expectant mothers need to support the development of their baby’s bones and teeth. It also plays a key role in muscle function and nerve transmission. Pregnant women require higher amounts of calcium to meet the needs of their growing baby. If a mother’s calcium intake is insufficient, her body will take calcium from her own stores, which can lead to weakened bones and teeth.
To ensure optimal iron and calcium intake during pregnancy, it’s important for expectant mothers to include a variety of foods rich in these nutrients in their diet. Good sources of iron include lean red meat, poultry, fish, legumes, and fortified cereals. Calcium-rich foods include dairy products, leafy greens, fortified plant-based milk, and tofu.
In some cases, prenatal vitamins may be recommended to help meet the increased nutrient needs during pregnancy. These vitamins and supplements are formulated specifically for pregnant women and often contain the optimal amount of iron and calcium, along with other important vitamins and minerals.
It’s important for expectant mothers to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the appropriate intake of iron, calcium, and other nutrients during pregnancy. This will ensure that both the mother and the baby receive the necessary nutrients for healthy growth and development.
Benefits of Vitamin D During Pregnancy
During pregnancy, it is crucial for expectant mothers to ensure they are receiving the optimal nutrients for the health of their baby. One of the best vitamins for pregnancy is vitamin D.
Vitamin D plays a vital role in maintaining the overall health and well-being of both the mother and the developing baby. It supports the immune system, aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and helps in the growth and development of bones.
Supplements that include vitamin D are considered one of the top prenatal vitamins for pregnant women. Vitamin D supplements provide an additional and superior source of this essential nutrient, especially for those who have limited sun exposure, live in areas with little sunlight, or have darker skin tones.
Research has shown that pregnant women with sufficient levels of vitamin D have a decreased risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, preterm birth, and low birth weight. It also contributes to the prevention of preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy.
Furthermore, vitamin D is beneficial for the development of the baby’s brain and immune system. Adequate levels of vitamin D during pregnancy are associated with improved cognitive function and reduced risk of certain childhood diseases.
In conclusion, vitamin D is a crucial nutrient during pregnancy, and taking supplements that provide an optimal amount of this vitamin can have numerous benefits for both the mother and the baby. Therefore, it is recommended for expectant mothers to discuss with their healthcare providers the best prenatal vitamins that include vitamin D to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Folic Acid: A Vital Vitamin for Pregnancy
Folic acid is one of the best supplements that expectant mothers can take during pregnancy. It is considered a prenatal vitamin due to its vital role in supporting the growth and development of the baby.
During pregnancy, the body needs optimal levels of folic acid to ensure the proper formation of the baby’s neural tube, which later becomes the brain and spinal cord. Folic acid also helps in the production of red blood cells and DNA.
Why is Folic Acid Important?
Folic acid is important for pregnant women because it helps in preventing certain birth defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. These defects occur when the neural tube does not close properly during early pregnancy.
By taking folic acid supplements, expectant mothers can significantly reduce the risk of these birth defects. The recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy is 600 micrograms. However, it is always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider for a personalized recommendation.
The Benefits of Folic Acid Supplements
There are several benefits of taking folic acid supplements during pregnancy. Firstly, folic acid ensures the proper development of the baby’s neural tube, reducing the risk of neural tube defects.
In addition, folic acid helps in the production of red blood cells, which are essential for transporting oxygen to both the mother and the baby. This is particularly important during fetal development when the oxygen demand increases.
Folic acid also plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair. It helps the body produce and maintain cells, which is crucial for the overall growth and development of the baby.
In conclusion, folic acid is a superior vitamin for expectant mothers, providing essential nutrients for a healthy pregnancy. By taking folic acid supplements, mothers can ensure the optimal development of their baby and reduce the risk of certain birth defects. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider for the best prenatal vitamins and for personalized advice on folic acid intake during pregnancy.
Vitamin C and its Role in Pregnancy
Prenatal vitamins are essential for expectant mothers as they provide the necessary nutrients for a healthy pregnancy. Among the top supplements, vitamin C stands out as one of the best for optimal health during pregnancy.
The Benefits of Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage, supports a healthy immune system, and aids in the absorption of iron. During pregnancy, these benefits become even more important.
Firstly, vitamin C plays a crucial role in the development of the baby’s bones, teeth, and connective tissues. It is necessary for the production of collagen, a protein that helps with the formation of these vital structures.
In addition, vitamin C helps the body absorb iron from plant-based sources, which is crucial for preventing iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Iron is essential for producing hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen to the baby and the mother’s tissues.
Getting Enough Vitamin C
To ensure optimal intake of vitamin C during pregnancy, it is recommended that expectant mothers consume around 85 milligrams per day. While this can be obtained through a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables, taking a prenatal vitamin is often advised to meet the increased demand for nutrients during pregnancy.
Some excellent food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits (such as oranges and grapefruits), strawberries, kiwi, papaya, bell peppers, and broccoli. Incorporating these foods into your daily meals can help you get the necessary amount of vitamin C.
However, always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplements or making drastic changes to your diet. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your specific needs and ensure you are getting the right amounts of essential nutrients, including vitamin C, for a healthy and successful pregnancy.
Vitamin B12: Essential for Neural Tube Development
During prenatal development, one of the most critical factors is the proper development of the neural tube. Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in this process, making it an essential nutrient for pregnant women.
The neural tube forms during the first few weeks of pregnancy and eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord. Adequate levels of Vitamin B12 are necessary for the proper closure of the neural tube and the prevention of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.
Pregnant women should ensure they are getting enough Vitamin B12 through their diet or supplements to support optimal neural tube development. Sources of Vitamin B12 include animal products, such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy. However, it is essential for expectant mothers, especially vegetarians or vegans, to consult with their healthcare provider about the best way to obtain this vitamin.
Taking prenatal vitamins that contain Vitamin B12 is highly recommended during pregnancy. These supplements provide a superior source of essential nutrients, including Vitamin B12, to support the overall health and development of both the mother and baby.
In conclusion, Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient during pregnancy, particularly for the development of the neural tube. Expectant mothers should ensure they are getting adequate amounts of this vitamin through a balanced diet or prenatal supplements to promote optimal fetal development.
Zinc: An Important Mineral for Expectant Mothers
Zinc is a vital mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health, especially during pregnancy. It is an essential nutrient that helps support the growth and development of the fetus, as well as the health of the expectant mother.
During pregnancy, the demand for zinc increases as it is involved in many important functions in the body. It helps in DNA synthesis, cell division, and protein synthesis, which are essential for the development of the baby. Additionally, zinc is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system, which is crucial for both the mother and the developing fetus.
Getting optimal levels of zinc is important for expectant mothers, as it can help prevent complications during pregnancy. Adequate zinc intake can reduce the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental abnormalities in the baby. It can also support the mother’s immune system, reducing the chances of infections that can harm both the mother and the baby.
There are several food sources that are rich in zinc and can be included in a prenatal diet. Some of the top food sources of zinc include lean meats, poultry, fish, dairy products, nuts, and seeds. However, it can be challenging to obtain sufficient amounts of zinc from diet alone, especially during pregnancy.
In such cases, prenatal supplements can be beneficial in meeting the increased demand for zinc. It is important to choose a high-quality prenatal supplement that provides the recommended amount of zinc along with other essential vitamins and minerals. Consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplements during pregnancy.
To ensure a healthy pregnancy, expectant mothers should focus on a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods. Incorporating zinc-rich foods and considering prenatal supplements can help pregnant women meet their zinc requirements and promote a healthy pregnancy.