Pregnancy is a critical time for women, as their bodies undergo significant changes to support the growth and development of their baby. One important aspect of a healthy pregnancy is a well-balanced diet. Proper diet and nutrition are crucial for maternal health and the development of the baby. Dietary recommendations for pregnant women differ by week of pregnancy, as nutritional needs change throughout the different stages.
During the early weeks of pregnancy, it is important for women to focus on a diet that provides essential nutrients and supports the formation of the baby’s vital organs. A diet rich in folate, iron, and calcium is recommended. Folate is essential for the development of the baby’s neural tube, while iron helps with the production of red blood cells to prevent maternal anemia. Calcium is necessary for the baby’s bone development.
As the pregnancy progresses, the nutritional needs of women continue to evolve. During the second and third trimesters, the baby grows rapidly and requires additional nutrients for optimal development. It is important for pregnant women to consume a diet that includes adequate amounts of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin C. Protein is essential for the growth and repair of tissues, while omega-3 fatty acids support the baby’s brain and eye development. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption, and vitamin C supports the formation of collagen, which is necessary for the development of bones, cartilage, and blood vessels.
In conclusion, maintaining a healthy and balanced diet is essential for pregnant women to support their own health and the development of their baby. Dietary recommendations by week of pregnancy ensure that women receive the necessary nutrients at each stage of pregnancy. By following these recommendations and consulting with a healthcare professional, women can ensure they are providing their bodies and their babies with the nutrition they need during this important time.
Week 1-2: Preconception Nutrition
For women planning to get pregnant, nutrition plays a crucial role in ensuring a healthy pregnancy. Preconception nutrition refers to the dietary habits and choices made by women before they become pregnant, with the aim of optimizing their health and preparing their bodies for pregnancy.
During the first two weeks of pregnancy, known as the preconception period, focusing on a well-balanced and nutritious diet is essential. This is the time when maternal nutrition can have a significant impact on the development of the baby.
Aiming for a diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants is key. Including a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can provide essential nutrients for a healthy pregnancy. It is also important to limit the intake of processed foods, sugary snacks, and caffeine.
Furthermore, taking a prenatal vitamin, which contains key nutrients like folic acid, iron, and calcium, can help meet the increased requirements during pregnancy. Consulting a healthcare professional is recommended to determine the appropriate prenatal vitamin for individual needs.
Overall, focusing on preconception nutrition can have long-lasting benefits for both the mother and the baby. It can help support a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of complications. By making nutritious choices during the preconception period, women can set a strong foundation for a healthy and successful pregnancy.
Week 3-4: Early Pregnancy Diet
During weeks 3-4 of pregnancy, it is important for women to focus on a healthy diet that provides the necessary nutrients for both the developing fetus and the maternal body.
The Role of Diet in Pregnancy
Dietary nutrition plays a crucial role in supporting the growth and development of the unborn baby. A well-balanced diet can help prevent birth defects, support the formation of vital organs, and promote healthy weight gain for the mother.
Tips for a Healthy Diet during Early Pregnancy
Here are some dietary tips for pregnant women during weeks 3-4:
- Eat a variety of foods: Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats in your diet to ensure a wide range of nutrients.
- Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to support proper digestion and prevent dehydration.
- Avoid certain foods: Stay away from raw or undercooked meats, unpasteurized dairy products, and fish high in mercury, as they can pose a risk to the developing baby.
- Take prenatal vitamins: In addition to a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins can help fill any nutritional gaps and ensure you’re getting adequate amounts of important vitamins and minerals.
- Manage morning sickness: If you’re experiencing morning sickness or nausea, try eating small, frequent meals throughout the day and opt for bland, easy-to-digest foods.
- Listen to your body: Pay attention to your hunger and fullness cues. Eat when you’re hungry and stop when you’re comfortably full.
Remember, each woman’s nutritional needs may vary, so it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized diet plan that meets your specific needs during early pregnancy.
Week 5-6: Folic Acid Intake
During weeks 5-6 of pregnancy, proper nutrition is crucial for the health and development of both the mother and the growing baby. One important nutrient to focus on during this time is folic acid.
What is Folic Acid?
Folic acid is a B vitamin that plays a crucial role in the development of a baby’s neural tube, which eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord. Adequate intake of folic acid during early pregnancy can help prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.
Dietary Recommendations for Folic Acid
Pregnant women should aim to consume 600-800 micrograms of folic acid per day to meet the increased demands of pregnancy. It is recommended to take a prenatal vitamin that includes folic acid to ensure adequate intake.
In addition to prenatal vitamins, there are many food sources of folic acid that pregnant women can incorporate into their diet. Some examples include:
- Leafy green vegetables, such as spinach and kale
- Legumes, like lentils and chickpeas
- Fortified breakfast cereals
- Oranges and orange juice
- Avocado
It’s important to note that folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, which means it can be easily destroyed during cooking or food processing. To maximize folic acid intake, it’s best to consume these foods raw or lightly cooked.
Consulting with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian is always recommended to ensure that pregnant women are meeting their individual nutritional needs.
Week 7-8: Iron-Rich Foods
Dietary recommendations for pregnant women stress the importance of consuming a well-balanced diet to ensure optimal nutrition for both the mother and the developing fetus. Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in maternal and fetal health during pregnancy.
Iron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body’s cells. As the blood volume increases during pregnancy, the demand for iron also rises. Insufficient iron intake can lead to anemia, fatigue, and lowered immunity.
Importance of Iron
Iron is especially important during weeks 7-8 of pregnancy as it is crucial for the formation of the baby’s red blood cells and their overall development. Maternal health also relies on adequate iron levels to support the increased blood supply.
Iron-rich foods should be included in the daily diet to meet the recommended intake. Good sources of iron include lean red meat, poultry, fish, lentils, beans, tofu, spinach, fortified cereals, and whole grains.
Meeting Iron Recommendations
To optimize iron absorption, it is recommended to consume iron-rich foods together with foods high in vitamin C, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, and bell peppers. Avoiding drinking tea or coffee during meals can also enhance iron absorption.
Supplements may also be necessary to meet the iron requirements during pregnancy. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplements, as excessive iron intake may have adverse effects.
A well-planned diet that includes a variety of iron-rich foods can provide the necessary iron for the pregnant woman and support the healthy development of the fetus.
Week 9-10: Calcium and Vitamin D
During week 9-10 of pregnancy, it is important for pregnant women to focus on their calcium and vitamin D intake. These nutrients play a vital role in the development of the baby’s bones and teeth.
According to dietary recommendations for pregnant women, the daily intake of calcium should be about 1000-1300mg per day. Good sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, as well as leafy green vegetables like kale and broccoli.
Vitamin D is also essential during pregnancy as it helps the body absorb calcium. The recommended daily intake of vitamin D for pregnant women is about 600-800 IU. Good dietary sources of vitamin D include fatty fish like salmon, fortified dairy products, and egg yolks.
Dietary Recommendations
To ensure sufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D, pregnant women should aim to include a variety of foods in their diet. Here are some dietary recommendations:
- Include at least 3 servings of dairy products in your daily diet.
- Eat a variety of leafy green vegetables.
- Choose fortified foods that are high in vitamin D, such as fortified milk or cereal.
- Include fatty fish like salmon or sardines in your diet.
- Consider taking a prenatal vitamin that contains calcium and vitamin D.
Summary
Week 9-10 of pregnancy is a critical time for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. Pregnant women should focus on their calcium and vitamin D intake to ensure proper nutrition. Including dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods in the diet can help meet the recommended dietary requirements.
| Mineral | Daily Intake | Food Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 1000-1300mg | Dairy products, leafy green vegetables |
| Vitamin D | 600-800 IU | Fatty fish, fortified dairy products |
Week 11-12: Omega-3 Fatty Acids
During weeks 11-12 of pregnancy, omega-3 fatty acids play an important role in the nutritional needs of pregnant women. These essential fats are crucial for both maternal and fetal health.
Why Omega-3 Fatty Acids are Important
Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are essential for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. They also support the development of the nervous system.
Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce the risk of preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia.
Dietary Recommendations
It is recommended that pregnant women consume at least 200-300 milligrams of DHA per day. The best source of omega-3 fatty acids is fish such as salmon, sardines, and trout. However, some fish can contain high levels of mercury, which can be harmful to the baby. Therefore, it is important to choose low-mercury fish and limit consumption to 2-3 servings per week.
If you don’t eat fish or are concerned about mercury levels, you can also get omega-3 fatty acids from other sources such as seaweed, chia seeds, flaxseeds, and walnuts. However, these sources primarily provide alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which the body must convert to DHA and EPA. The conversion process is not very efficient, so it’s still important to consider taking a DHA supplement.
It is always best to consult with your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian for personalized dietary recommendations and to discuss any concerns you may have about your nutrition during pregnancy.
Week 13-14: Protein-Rich Foods
During pregnancy, maternal nutrition plays a crucial role in the development of the baby. Dietary recommendations for pregnant woman often emphasize the need for a balanced diet, including adequate amounts of proteins.
Protein is an essential nutrient that is important for the growth and development of the fetus. It helps in the formation of new cells and tissues and supports the development of the baby’s organs, muscles, and immune system.
During weeks 13-14 of pregnancy, it is recommended to include protein-rich foods in your diet. Sources of protein include lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and plant-based proteins such as tofu and tempeh. These foods are not only rich in protein but also provide other essential nutrients like iron, folate, and omega-3 fatty acids.
When choosing protein sources, it is important to opt for lean cuts of meat, skinless poultry, and low-mercury fish. Pregnant women should avoid raw or undercooked meats, fish high in mercury, and unpasteurized dairy products, as they can pose a risk to the health of the baby.
It is recommended to aim for about 75-100 grams of protein per day during pregnancy, depending on your individual needs. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian for personalized recommendations based on your specific dietary needs and preferences.
Remember: Proper nutrition during pregnancy is essential for the health of both the mother and the baby. Including protein-rich foods in your diet during weeks 13-14 can help support the healthy development of your baby and ensure that you are getting the necessary nutrients for a healthy pregnancy.
Week 15-16: Fiber-Rich Diet
During weeks 15-16 of pregnancy, it is important for women to maintain a healthy diet that provides them with the necessary nutrients for both maternal and fetal health. One component of a balanced pregnancy diet is fiber.
Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested by the body. Instead, it passes through the digestive system and helps regulate bowel movements, prevent constipation, and promote overall gut health. Additionally, a fiber-rich diet can aid in controlling blood sugar levels and reducing the risk of gestational diabetes.
For pregnant women, the daily recommended intake of dietary fiber is 25-30 grams. Here are some dietary recommendations to help meet this requirement:
- Include whole grains in your meals, such as whole wheat bread, brown rice, and oatmeal.
- Opt for fresh fruits and vegetables, which are excellent sources of fiber. Berries, apples, pears, broccoli, and carrots are all great choices.
- Legumes, such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas, are high in fiber and also provide other essential nutrients like iron and folate.
- Snack on nuts and seeds, which not only contribute to your fiber intake but also provide healthy fats and protein.
- Add chia seeds or ground flaxseeds to your yogurt, smoothies, or baked goods for an extra fiber boost.
Remember to increase your water intake when increasing your fiber consumption to prevent digestive discomfort. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian for personalized advice on maintaining a balanced and fiber-rich diet during pregnancy.
Week 17-18: Hydration and Water Intake
Proper hydration is important for all individuals, and especially so for pregnant women. Staying hydrated during pregnancy is crucial for maintaining good overall health and supporting the growing needs of both the maternal body and the developing baby.
The recommendations for water intake during pregnancy vary depending on factors such as age, weight, activity level, and overall health. On average, it is recommended that pregnant women consume at least 8-12 cups (64-96 ounces) of fluid per day. However, it is important to note that individual needs may vary, so it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.
Water is the best choice for hydration during pregnancy. It is essential for carrying nutrients to the baby, regulating body temperature, and maintaining healthy blood volume. Other fluids, such as herbal teas and 100% fruit juices, can also contribute to daily fluid intake, but it’s important to watch out for added sugars and caffeine content.
In addition to drinking water, pregnant women can also include hydrating foods in their diet. Fruits and vegetables with high water content, such as watermelon, cucumber, and oranges, are great options. Soups, smoothies, and yogurt can also contribute to hydration.
Staying hydrated can help alleviate common pregnancy discomforts, such as constipation and swelling. It can also help prevent urinary tract infections, which are more common during pregnancy. If experiencing symptoms of dehydration, such as dark urine, dizziness, or fatigue, it is important to increase fluid intake and seek medical advice if necessary.
In conclusion, staying hydrated and meeting the recommended water intake is essential for optimal maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. By prioritizing hydration and incorporating hydrating foods into the diet, pregnant women can support their overall nutrition and well-being.
Week 19-20: Healthy Snack Options
During weeks 19-20 of pregnancy, maintaining a nutritious diet is essential for the health of both the mother and the baby. Snacking can be a great way to ensure you are getting all the necessary nutrients and energy you need.
Here are some healthy snack options for pregnant women during weeks 19-20:
1. Fresh fruits and vegetables: Snacking on a variety of fruits and vegetables can provide you with essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Consider options like sliced apples, carrot sticks, or grapes for a refreshing and nutritious snack.
2. Greek yogurt: Greek yogurt is high in protein and calcium, which are important for the development of the baby’s bones and muscles. Try mixing in some fresh berries or a drizzle of honey for added flavor.
3. Nuts and seeds: Almonds, walnuts, and chia seeds are all great sources of healthy fats, protein, and fiber. They can help keep you feeling full and satisfied between meals.
4. Whole grain crackers with hummus: Whole grain crackers provide complex carbohydrates, while hummus offers protein and heart-healthy fats. Choose whole grain or seed-based crackers for added nutritional benefits.
5. Cottage cheese: Cottage cheese is a good source of protein and calcium. Pair it with sliced tomatoes or cucumber for a refreshing and filling snack.
6. Hard-boiled eggs: Hard-boiled eggs are a convenient and portable snack option that provides protein and essential nutrients. Sprinkle some salt and pepper for added flavor.
Remember to listen to your body and choose snacks that satisfy your hunger and cravings while also being nutritious. It’s important to consult with a healthcare professional or a registered dietitian for personalized dietary recommendations during pregnancy.
Please note that every pregnancy is different, and individual nutritional needs may vary. It’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.
Week 21-22: Vitamin C Sources
During weeks 21-22 of pregnancy, it is important for women to focus on their nutrition and ensure they are getting the necessary nutrients for both themselves and their baby. One essential nutrient to pay attention to during this time is vitamin C.
Vitamin C is a crucial antioxidant that plays a role in numerous processes in the body. It helps to strengthen the immune system, aids in the absorption of iron, and promotes healthy skin and tissue development. Pregnant women have increased vitamin C requirements, as this nutrient supports the growth and development of the baby.
Benefits of Vitamin C During Pregnancy:
1. Enhanced immune function: Vitamin C helps protect against infections and boosts the immune system’s response. This can be particularly important during pregnancy when the immune system may be weakened.
2. Iron absorption: Consuming vitamin C-rich foods alongside iron-rich foods can enhance the absorption of iron. This is important as iron plays a vital role in delivering oxygen to both the mother and the baby.
Dietary Recommendations:
Pregnant women are advised to consume approximately 85 milligrams of vitamin C per day. This can be achieved through a balanced diet that includes a variety of vitamin C-rich foods:
- Citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons
- Strawberries
- Pineapple
- Kiwi
- Mangoes
- Papaya
- Tomatoes
- Spinach
- Broccoli
It is important to note that vitamin C is sensitive to heat and can be easily destroyed during cooking. To preserve the vitamin C content, it is best to consume these foods raw or lightly cooked.
At this stage of pregnancy, maternal nutrition should remain a priority. Including vitamin C-rich foods in the diet can help support the overall health and well-being of both the mother and the baby.
Week 23-24: Healthy Carbohydrate Choices
Dietary choices for pregnant women during weeks 23-24 of pregnancy are crucial for proper maternal nutrition and fetal development. Carbohydrates are an essential component of a healthy diet during pregnancy, providing energy and nutrients for both the mother and baby.
Importance of Healthy Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. During pregnancy, women need extra energy to support the growth and development of the baby. Healthy carbohydrate choices provide a steady supply of energy and help maintain stable blood sugar levels.
Recommended Carbohydrate Sources
When choosing carbohydrates, pregnant women should opt for nutrient-dense options that are rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Here are some healthy carbohydrate choices:
- Whole grains: Whole wheat bread, brown rice, quinoa
- Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, black beans
- Fruits and vegetables: Berries, apples, leafy greens
- Dairy products: Greek yogurt, milk
- Sweet potatoes and other root vegetables
These carbohydrate sources not only provide energy but also contain important nutrients like iron, folate, and fiber that support maternal and fetal health.
Limiting Added Sugars
While carbohydrates are an essential part of a healthy diet, it’s important to limit the intake of added sugars. Added sugars can be found in sugary drinks, processed snacks, and desserts. Instead, focus on natural sources of sweetness like fruits, which also provide additional vitamins and fiber.
By making healthy carbohydrate choices, pregnant women can ensure proper nutrition for themselves and their developing babies. Consult with a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations based on individual dietary needs and any medical conditions.
Week 25-26: Maintaining a Balanced Diet
During weeks 25-26 of pregnancy, it is crucial for pregnant women to continue maintaining a balanced diet to support both their own health and the development of their growing baby. Adequate nutrition is essential for the optimal growth and development of the fetus.
For pregnant women, a balanced diet means consuming a variety of foods from different food groups. This includes a combination of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. These nutrients play a vital role in providing energy, supporting organ development, and preventing birth defects.
Dietary Recommendations for Week 25-26 of Pregnancy
Here are some dietary recommendations for pregnant women during weeks 25-26:
- Consume plenty of fruits and vegetables to ensure an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals. These can include oranges, strawberries, leafy greens, and bell peppers.
- Increase your intake of whole grains such as oats, brown rice, and whole wheat bread to provide a good source of energy and fiber.
- Include lean proteins such as poultry, fish, legumes, and tofu in your diet to support the growth and development of the baby.
- Don’t forget to incorporate healthy fats into your diet, such as avocados, nuts, and seeds, which are important for brain development and overall health.
- Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Aim for at least 8-10 glasses per day.
The Importance of Maternal Nutrition
The maternal diet not only affects the mother’s health during pregnancy but also has long-term impacts on the baby’s health. Research suggests that poor nutrition during pregnancy may increase the risk of certain health conditions in the offspring, including obesity and chronic diseases later in life.
Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant women to prioritize their dietary needs and make informed choices to ensure optimal maternal and fetal health.
In conclusion, weeks 25-26 of pregnancy are a critical time to maintain a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients. By following these dietary recommendations and prioritizing maternal nutrition, pregnant women can support the healthy development of their baby and promote their own well-being.
Week 27-28: Boosting Iron Absorption
During weeks 27-28 of pregnancy, it is crucial for women to focus on boosting iron absorption in their diet. Iron plays a vital role in the production of red blood cells and the transportation of oxygen throughout the body, making it an essential nutrient for both the pregnant woman and the developing baby.
Dietary Recommendations
Pregnant women are recommended to consume around 27 milligrams of iron per day during this stage of pregnancy. However, not all iron is easily absorbed by the body. To ensure optimal iron intake and absorption, it is important to include foods that enhance iron absorption in the diet.
Tips for Boosting Iron Absorption
1. Pair Iron-Rich Foods with Vitamin C: Vitamin C helps enhance the absorption of iron. Include foods like oranges, strawberries, and bell peppers in meals alongside iron-rich foods like lean meats, beans, and fortified cereals.
2. Avoid Consuming Iron Blockers: Certain substances, such as tannins in tea and calcium in dairy products, can hinder iron absorption. It is best to avoid consuming these iron-blocking substances close to or with iron-rich meals.
3. Cook in Cast Iron: Cooking acidic foods, such as tomato sauce or chili, in cast iron pans can increase the iron content in the dish. This can be a simple and effective way to boost iron intake.
Remember to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized dietary recommendations during pregnancy.
Week 29-30: Healthy Fats in Pregnancy
During pregnancy, a healthy diet is crucial for both the well-being of the mother and the development of the baby. One important aspect of a healthy pregnancy diet is consuming adequate amounts of healthy fats.
The Role of Healthy Fats
Healthy fats, such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, are essential for the growth and development of the baby. These fats provide energy, help build the baby’s brain and nervous system, and aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
Additionally, maternal fat stores serve as an energy reserve during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consuming sufficient amounts of healthy fats can help ensure that both the mother and the baby are getting the necessary nutrients.
Recommendations for Healthy Fats in Pregnancy
During weeks 29-30 of pregnancy, it is recommended that women consume about 20-35% of their daily calories from fats. However, it is important to choose healthy sources of fats to fulfill these recommendations.
Some sources of healthy fats include:
- Avocados
- Nuts and seeds
- Fatty fish, such as salmon and trout
- Olive oil
- Coconut oil
Avoiding trans fats and saturated fats is also important during pregnancy. These unhealthy fats can increase the risk of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and other complications.
It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian for personalized recommendations based on individual dietary needs and any specific pregnancy-related concerns.
Week 31-40: Final Weeks Nutrition
During the final weeks of pregnancy, proper nutrition is crucial for the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. A well-balanced diet can help ensure that the baby gets all the necessary nutrients for growth and development, while also supporting the mother’s overall health.
For pregnant women in their final weeks, it is recommended to focus on consuming a variety of nutrient-dense foods. Foods rich in iron, calcium, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids are especially important for the baby’s development and the mother’s overall well-being.
Dietary recommendations for pregnant women in their final weeks include:
1. Iron-rich foods: Include foods such as lean meats, poultry, fish, legumes, and fortified cereals in your diet to ensure an adequate intake of iron. Iron is important for the production of red blood cells and helps prevent anemia.
2. Calcium-rich foods: Calcium is essential for the development of the baby’s bones and teeth. Include dairy products, fortified plant-based milks, leafy green vegetables, and tofu in your diet to meet your calcium needs.
3. Protein: Aim to consume an adequate amount of protein from sources such as lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, and dairy products. Protein is crucial for the baby’s growth and development.
4. Omega-3 fatty acids: Include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish (e.g., salmon, trout), walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds. Omega-3 fatty acids promote the baby’s brain and eye development.
It is important to consult with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian to get personalized dietary recommendations based on your specific needs and medical history.
In conclusion, proper nutrition during the final weeks of pregnancy is essential for the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Following dietary recommendations and including nutrient-dense foods can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and a smooth transition into motherhood.